ReviewEnvironments of B cell development
Section snippets
Origins and lineages of B lymphocytes
Hematopoietic cell development in the mouse begins with the establishment of blood circulation in the mouse embryo at embryonic day (E) 7.5 in yolk sac, i.e. extra-embryonically [1], and generates fetal globin-expressing erythrocytes, megakaryocytes, platelets and a special lineage of unusually long-lived myeloid cells [2], [3], but no lymphocytes. This first wave of so-called “primitive” hematopoiesis is succeeded by a second wave of (now “definitive”) hematopoiesis, which generates
Development of hematopoiesis and of B lymphocytes from embryonic stem cells “in vitro”
The stage of embryonic mesoderm development at E8.5 to hemangioblasts, i.e. progenitors of vascular muscle, vascular endothelium and hematopoietic cells [20] can be developed “in vitro” by the differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESC), and becomes detectable as flk1 + tie2 + progenitor cells [21], [22], [23], [24]. Differential gene expression analyses of differentiating ESCs between days 5 and 6 detect genes that are known to control primitive and definitive hematopoiesis, among them the genes
Development of B lymphocytes in fetal liver
LT-pHSCs are induced – probably through an autocrine, inductive influence of FLT3-L with its receptor flt3 [33], [34] – in one wave in fetal liver and thymus of the developing embryo, and later in bone marrow and adult thymus as a continuous production of cells to differentiate first to short-term (ST) repopulating pHSCs and, thereafter, to multipotent myeloid/lymphoid progenitors (MPP). MPPs begin to express a series of chemokine receptors that are expected to be involved in their
Acknowledgements
The work of the Lymphocyte Development Group was supported by Max Planck Institutional support to the Max Planck Fellowship of F.M., and by a Kosellek Grant of the DFG to F.M. (ME-2764-2-1).
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