In vivo tissue distribution and safety of polyacrylic acid-modified titanium peroxide nanoparticles as novel radiosensitizers
Graphical abstract
Section snippets
Synthesis of PAA-TiOx NPs and PAA-TiO2 NPs
The TiO2 nanoparticles (STS-01) used in this study were purchased from Ishihara Sangyo Kaisha, Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). Details of the procedure for synthesizing PAA-TiOx NPs are provided in a previous report (13). Briefly, PAA-modified titanium dioxide NPs (PAA-TiO2 NPs) were synthesized from TiO2 NPs via a hydrothermal method for surface modification with PAA. PAA-TiOx NPs were then synthesized from PAA-TiO2 NPs by immersion in 6% H2O2 solution.
Analysis of NP size and morphology
Synthesized NPs were characterized by scanning
Synthesis of PAA-TiOx NPs
PAA-TiOx NPs and PAA-TiO2 NPs were synthesized from TiO2 NPs by modifying their surface with PAA using H2O2. Although the characteristics of PAA-TiOx and PAA-TiO2 NPs were extensively investigated in our previous study (14), the quality of the NP dispersions was confirmed again before use in in vivo experiments in the present study. DLS was used to determine the distributions of dynamic diameter and zeta potential of the PAA-TiOx NPs. The calculated mean diameters of PAA-TiOx NPs and PAA-TiO2
Discussion
Reflecting the results of tissue distribution analyses in this report, both PAA-TiOx NPs and PAA-TiO2 NPs were directed finally to the liver (Fig. 2, Fig. 3, Fig. 4). NPs did not accumulate in organs other than the liver in appreciable amounts. Very few amounts of NPs remained in the blood 1 h after injection. Thus, the remaining NPs that escaped entrapment in the liver might have been excreted in the urine and/or the feces or could have localized to the muscle and/or skin. Interestingly,
Acknowledgments
This work was supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) (no. 16H03194 to C.O.) and a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) (no. 25420831 to C.O.) from the Japan Science and Technology Agency, a Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Exploratory Research (number 25670535 to R.S.), a Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B) (no. 15K21156 to Y.N.), and Special Coordination Funds for Promoting Science and Technology, Creation of Innovation Centers for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research
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