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Quality control mechanism of misfolded proteins in the ER

Planned Research

Project AreaProtein community: organization and maintenance of protein functions
Project/Area Number 19058008
Research Category

Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Areas

Allocation TypeSingle-year Grants
Review Section Biological Sciences
Research InstitutionKyoto Sangyo University (2011)
Kyoto University (2007-2010)

Principal Investigator

NAGATA Kazuhiro  京都産業大学, 総合生命科学部, 教授 (50127114)

Co-Investigator(Kenkyū-buntansha) INABA Kenji  九州大学, 生体防御医学研究所, 特任准教授 (10423039)
Project Period (FY) 2007 – 2011
Project Status Completed (Fiscal Year 2011)
Budget Amount *help
¥116,000,000 (Direct Cost: ¥116,000,000)
Fiscal Year 2011: ¥23,200,000 (Direct Cost: ¥23,200,000)
Fiscal Year 2010: ¥23,200,000 (Direct Cost: ¥23,200,000)
Fiscal Year 2009: ¥23,200,000 (Direct Cost: ¥23,200,000)
Fiscal Year 2008: ¥23,200,000 (Direct Cost: ¥23,200,000)
Fiscal Year 2007: ¥23,200,000 (Direct Cost: ¥23,200,000)
Keywords小胞体 / 品質管理 / 小胞体関連分解 / レドックス制御 / 分子シャペロン / フォールディング / レドックス
Research Abstract

We analyzed the molecular mechanism of ER-associated degradation (ERAD). In addition to EDEM, which recruits the misfolded proteins from productive folding pathway to degradation pathway, we also found a novel reductase in the ER, ERdj5, is also involved in the acceleration of ERAD by cleaving disulfide bonds of the substrates. By using biochemical and structural analysis, we have revealed the substrate transfer pathway in the ERAD system; misfolded proteins are transferred from calnexin to EDEM1, ERdj5, BiP and finally to SEL1L in the ERAD complex.

Report

(7 results)
  • 2011 Annual Research Report   Final Research Report ( PDF )
  • 2010 Annual Research Report
  • 2009 Annual Research Report   Self-evaluation Report ( PDF )
  • 2008 Annual Research Report
  • 2007 Annual Research Report
  • Research Products

    (58 results)

All 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 Other

All Journal Article (33 results) (of which Peer Reviewed: 25 results) Presentation (18 results) Book (6 results) Remarks (1 results)

  • [Journal Article] Direct in vitro and in vivo evidence for interaction between Hsp47 protein and collagen triple helix2012

    • Author(s)
      T. Ono, T. Miyazaki, Y. Ishida, M. Uehata and K. Nagata
    • Journal Title

      J. Biol. Chem.

      Volume: 287(9) Issue: 9 Pages: 6810-6818

    • DOI

      10.1074/jbc.m111.280248

    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report 2011 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Molecular chaperone Hsp47 is essential for cartilage and endochondral bone formation2012

    • Author(s)
      Y. Masago, A. Hosoya, S. Kawano, A. Nasu, J. Toguchida, K. Fujita, H. Nakamura, G. Kondoh and K. Nagata
    • Journal Title

      J. Cell Sci.

      Volume: 125(5) Issue: 5 Pages: 1118-1128

    • DOI

      10.1242/jcs.089748

    • Related Report
      2011 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Molecular chaperone Hsp47 is essential for cartilage and endochondral bone formation2012

    • Author(s)
      Y.Masago, et al
    • Journal Title

      J.Cell Sci.

      Volume: 125(5) Pages: 1118-1128

    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Functional in vitro analysis of ERO1 and protein-disulfide isomerase (PDI) pathway2011

    • Author(s)
      K. Araki and K. Nagata
    • Journal Title

      J. Biol. Chem.

      Volume: 286(37) Issue: 37 Pages: 32705-32712

    • DOI

      10.1074/jbc.m111.227181

    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report 2011 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Structural basis of an ERAD pathway mediated by the ER-resident protein disulfide reductase ERdj52011

    • Author(s)
      M. Hagiwara, K. Maegawa, M. Suzuki, R. Ushioda, K. Araki, Y. Matsumoto, J. Hoseki, K. Nagata and K. Inaba
    • Journal Title

      Mol. Cell

      Volume: 41(4) Issue: 4 Pages: 432-444

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.molcel.2011.01.021

    • NAID

      120003836694

    • Related Report
      2011 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Structural basis of an ERAD pathway mediated by the ER-resident protein disulfide reductase ERdj52011

    • Author(s)
      M.Hagiwara, K.Nagata, et al
    • Journal Title

      Mol.Cell

      Volume: 41 Pages: 432-444

    • NAID

      120003836694

    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Solution structure and dynamics of mouse ARMET2010

    • Author(s)
      J. Hoseki, H.Sasakawa, Y. Yamaguchi, M. Maeda, H. Kubota, K. Kato and K. Nagata
    • Journal Title

      FEBS. Letters

      Volume: 584 Issue: 8 Pages: 1536-1542

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.febslet.2010.03.008

    • Related Report
      2011 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] The novel thioredoxin-related transmembrane protein TMX4 has reductase activity2010

    • Author(s)
      Y. Sugiura, K. Araki, S. Iemura, T. Natsume, J. Hoseki1 and K. Nagata
    • Journal Title

      J. Biol. Chem.

      Volume: 285(10) Issue: 10 Pages: 7135-7142

    • DOI

      10.1074/jbc.m109.082545

    • Related Report
      2011 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Solution structure and dynamics of mouse ARMET2010

    • Author(s)
      J.Hoseki, K.Nagata, et al
    • Journal Title

      FEBS.Letters.

      Volume: 584 Pages: 1536-1542

    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] The novel thioredoxin-related transmembrane protein TMX4 has reductase activity2010

    • Author(s)
      Y.Sugiura, K.Nagata, et al
    • Journal Title

      J.Biol.Chem.

      Volume: 285 Pages: 7135-7142

    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] The novel thioredoxin-related transmembrane protein TMX4 has reductase activity.2010

    • Author(s)
      Y. Sugiura, K. Araki, 1 S. Iemura, T. Natsume,. J. Hoseki, K. Nagata
    • Journal Title

      J. Biol. Chem. 285(10)

      Pages: 7135-7142

    • Related Report
      2009 Self-evaluation Report
  • [Journal Article] The novel thioredoxin-related transmembrane protein TMX4 has reductase activity2010

    • Author(s)
      Y.Sugiura, et al.
    • Journal Title

      J.Biol.Chem. 285(10)

      Pages: 7135-7142

    • Related Report
      2009 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Human OS-9, a lectin required for glycoprotein endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation, recognizes mannose-trimmed N-Glycans2009

    • Author(s)
      N. Hosokawa, Y. Kamiya, D. Kamiya, K. Kato & K. Nagata
    • Journal Title

      J. Biol. Chem.

      Volume: 284(25) Issue: 25 Pages: 17061-17068

    • DOI

      10.1074/jbc.m809725200

    • Related Report
      2011 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Autophagic elimination of misfolded procollagen aggregates in the endoplasmic reticulum as a means of cell protection2009

    • Author(s)
      Y.Ishida, A.Yamamoto, A.Kitamura,S.R.Lamande, T.YoshimorI, F.B.John, H.Kubota and K.Nagata
    • Journal Title

      Mol. Biol. Cell.

      Volume: 20 Issue: 11 Pages: 2744-2754

    • DOI

      10.1091/mbc.e08-11-1092

    • Related Report
      2011 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Human OS-9, a lectin required for glycoprotein endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation, recognizes mannose-trimmed N-Glycans.2009

    • Author(s)
      N. Hosokawa, Y. Kamiya, D. Kamiya, K. Kato, K. Nagata
    • Journal Title

      J. Biol. Chem. 284(25)

      Pages: 17061-17068

    • Related Report
      2009 Self-evaluation Report
  • [Journal Article] Autophagic elimination of misfolded procollagen aggregates in the endoplasmic reticulum as a means of cell protection.2009

    • Author(s)
      Y. Ishida, A. Yamamoto, A. Kitamura, S.R. Lamande, T. YoshimorI, F.B. John, H. Kubota, K. Nagata
    • Journal Title

      Mol. Biol. Cell. 20

      Pages: 2744-2754

    • Related Report
      2009 Self-evaluation Report
  • [Journal Article] Dynamic nature of disulfide bond formation catalysts revealed by crystal structures of DsbB2009

    • Author(s)
      Inaba, K., Murakami, S., Nakagawa, A., Iida, H., Kinjo, M., Ito, K., Suzuki, M.
    • Journal Title

      EMBO J 28

      Pages: 779-791

    • Related Report
      2009 Self-evaluation Report
  • [Journal Article] Autophagic elimination of misfolded procollagen aggregates in the endoplasmic reticulum as a means of cell protection.2009

    • Author(s)
      Y.Ishida, et al.
    • Journal Title

      Mol.Biol.Cell. 20

      Pages: 2744-2754

    • Related Report
      2009 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Human OS-9, a lectin required for glycoprotein endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation, recognizes mannose-trimmed N-Glycans2009

    • Author(s)
      N.Hosokawa, et al.
    • Journal Title

      J.Biol.Chem. 284(25)

      Pages: 17061-17068

    • Related Report
      2009 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] ERdj5 is required as a disulfide reductase for degradation of misfolded proteins in the ER2008

    • Author(s)
      R.Ushioda, J.Hoseki, K.Araki, G.Jansen, D.Y.Thomas and K.Nagata
    • Journal Title

      Science

      Volume: 321(5888) Issue: 5888 Pages: 569-572

    • DOI

      10.1126/science.1159293

    • Related Report
      2011 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Human XTP3-B Forms an Endoplasmic Reticulum Quality Control Scaffold with the HRD1-SEL1L Ubiquitin Ligase Complex and BiP2008

    • Author(s)
      N.Hosokawa, I.Wada, K.Nagasawa, T.Moriyama, K.Okawa, and K.Nagata
    • Journal Title

      J. Biol. Chem.

      Volume: 283(30) Issue: 30 Pages: 20914-20924

    • DOI

      10.1074/jbc.m709336200

    • Related Report
      2011 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Gp78 cooperates with RMA1 in ER-associated degradation of CFTRΔF5082008

    • Author(s)
      D. Morito, K. Hirao, F. Tokunaga, N. Hosokawa, D. M. Cyr, K. Tanaka, K. Iwai and K. Nagata
    • Journal Title

      Mol. Biol. Cell.

      Volume: 19 Issue: 4 Pages: 1328-1336

    • DOI

      10.1091/mbc.e07-06-0601

    • Related Report
      2011 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] MKKS is a centrosome-shuttling protein degraded by disease-causing mutations via CHIP-mediated ubiquitination2008

    • Author(s)
      S. Hirayama, Y. Yamazaki, A. Kitamura, Y. Oda, D. Morito, K. Okawa, H. Kimura, D. M. Cyr, H. Kubota and K. Nagata
    • Journal Title

      Mol. Biol. Cell.

      Volume: 19 Issue: 3 Pages: 899-911

    • DOI

      10.1091/mbc.e07-07-0631

    • Related Report
      2011 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] ERdj5 is required as a disulfide reductase for degradation of misfolded proteins in the ER.2008

    • Author(s)
      R. Ushioda, J. Hoseki, K. Araki, G. Jansen, D.Y. Thomas, K. Nagata
    • Journal Title

      Science 321(5888)

      Pages: 569-572

    • Related Report
      2009 Self-evaluation Report
  • [Journal Article] Gp78 cooperates with RMA1 in ER-associated degradation of CFTRΔF508.2008

    • Author(s)
      D. Morito, K. Hirao, F. Tokunaga, N. Hosokawa, D.M. Cyr, K. Tanaka, K. Iwai, K. Nagata
    • Journal Title

      Mol. Biol. Cell. 19

      Pages: 1328-1336

    • Related Report
      2009 Self-evaluation Report
  • [Journal Article] MKKS is a centrosome-shuttling protein degraded by disease-causing mutations via CHIP-mediated ubiquitination.2008

    • Author(s)
      S. Hirayama, Y. Yamazaki, A. Kitamura, Y. Oda, D. Morito, K. Okawa, H. Kimura, D.M. Cyr, H. Kubota, K. Nagata
    • Journal Title

      Mol. Biol. Cell. 19

      Pages: 899-911

    • Related Report
      2009 Self-evaluation Report
  • [Journal Article] A pair of circularly permutated PDZ domains control RseP, the S2P family intramembrane protease of E. coli2008

    • Author(s)
      Inaba, K., Suzuki, M., Maegawa, K., Akiyama, S., Ito, K., Akiyama, Y.
    • Journal Title

      J. Biol. Chem. 283

      Pages: 35042-35052

    • Related Report
      2009 Self-evaluation Report
  • [Journal Article] ERdj5 is required as a disulfide reductase for degradation of misfolded proteins in the ER.2008

    • Author(s)
      R.Ushioda, et al.
    • Journal Title

      Science 321(5888)

      Pages: 569-572

    • Related Report
      2008 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Gp78 cooperates with RMA1 in ER-associated degradation of CFTRΔF5082008

    • Author(s)
      D.Morito, et al.
    • Journal Title

      Mol.Biol.Cell. 19

      Pages: 1328-1336

    • Related Report
      2008 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] MKKS is a centrosome-shuttling protein degraded by disease-causing mutations via CHIP-mediated ubiquitination.2008

    • Author(s)
      S.Hirayama, et al.
    • Journal Title

      Mol.Biol.Cell. 19

      Pages: 899-911

    • Related Report
      2008 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] ERdj5 is required as a disulfide reductase for degradation of misfolded proteins in the ER2008

    • Author(s)
      R. USHIODA, et al.
    • Journal Title

      Science 321(5888)

      Pages: 569-572

    • Related Report
      2007 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Human XTP3-B Forms an Endoplasmic Reticulum Quality Control Scaffold with the HRD1-SEL1L Ubiquitin Ligase Complex and BiP2008

    • Author(s)
      N. HOSOKAWA, et al.
    • Journal Title

      J Biol Chem. 283(30)

      Pages: 20914-20924

    • Related Report
      2007 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Gp78 cooperates with RMA1 in ER-associated degradation of CFTRΔF5082008

    • Author(s)
      D. MORITO, et al.
    • Journal Title

      Mol. Biol. Cell. 19

      Pages: 1328-1336

    • Related Report
      2007 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Presentation] Protein quality control and proteostasis in the ER2011

    • Author(s)
      K. Nagata
    • Organizer
      Cold Spring Harbor Asia Conference, "Protein Homeostasis in Health & Disease"
    • Place of Presentation
      Suzhou(China)
    • Year and Date
      2011-09-29
    • Related Report
      2011 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] Protein quality control and proteostasis in the ER2011

    • Author(s)
      K.Nagata
    • Organizer
      Cold Spring Harbor Asia Conference
    • Place of Presentation
      Suzhou (China)(招待講演)
    • Year and Date
      2011-09-29
    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Regulation of redox homeostasis in the ER2011

    • Author(s)
      K. Nagata and R. Sitia
    • Organizer
      Conference on Quality Control: Folding and Degradation of Proteins in the Endoplasmic Reticulum
    • Place of Presentation
      Ascona(Switzerland)
    • Year and Date
      2011-09-15
    • Related Report
      2011 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] Two distinct ERAD pathways contribute for maintaining the protein homeostasis in the ER2011

    • Author(s)
      K. Nagata
    • Organizer
      EMBO Conference "The biology of Molecular Chaperones"
    • Place of Presentation
      Grundlsee(Austria)
    • Year and Date
      2011-05-22
    • Related Report
      2011 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] Regulation in the electron transfer cascade among the oxidoreductases in the endoplasmic reticulum2010

    • Author(s)
      K. Nagata
    • Organizer
      The 3^<rd> International Symposium on Protein Community
    • Place of Presentation
      Nara
    • Year and Date
      2010-09-14
    • Related Report
      2011 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] Regulation in the electron transfer cascade among the oxidor eductases in the endoplasmic reticulum2010

    • Author(s)
      Kazuhiro Nagata
    • Organizer
      The 3^<rd> International Symposium on Protein Community
    • Place of Presentation
      Nara (Japan)
    • Year and Date
      2010-09-14
    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Quality control & Redox regulatory network2010

    • Author(s)
      K. Araki, R. Ushioda, J. Hoseki and K. Nagata
    • Organizer
      Gordon Research Conference
    • Place of Presentation
      Lucca (Italy)
    • Year and Date
      2010-05-11
    • Related Report
      2011 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] Two distinct ERAD pathways for misfolded glycoprotein and non-glycoprotein2009

    • Author(s)
      K. Nagata
    • Organizer
      4^<th> International Congress on Stress Responses in Biology and Medicine.Plenary lecture
    • Place of Presentation
      Sapporo
    • Year and Date
      2009-10-06
    • Related Report
      2011 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] Quality control of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum2009

    • Author(s)
      K. Nagata
    • Organizer
      21th IUBMB International Congress and 12th FAOBMB Congress of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
    • Place of Presentation
      Shanghai(China)
    • Year and Date
      2009-08-05
    • Related Report
      2011 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] Quality control of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum.2009

    • Author(s)
      Kazuhiro Nagata
    • Organizer
      21th IUBMB International Congress and 12th FAOBMB Congress of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
    • Place of Presentation
      Shanghai(China)
    • Year and Date
      2009-08-05
    • Related Report
      2009 Annual Research Report 2009 Self-evaluation Report
  • [Presentation] Revisiting of collagen-specific molecular chaperone Hsp47:Fate of procollagen with or without Hsp472009

    • Author(s)
      K. Nagata
    • Organizer
      Yokosuka Science Festa 2009 8th Pan-Pacific Connective Tissue Societies Symposium. Opening Lecture
    • Place of Presentation
      Shonan
    • Year and Date
      2009-06-04
    • Related Report
      2011 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] Revisiting of collagen-specific molecular chaperone HSP47:Alternative degradation pathway of misfolded procollagen in the ER;ERAD and autophagy2008

    • Author(s)
      K. Nagata, Y. Masago, Y. Ishida
    • Organizer
      Cold Spring Harbor Meeting "Molecular Chaperones and stress Response"
    • Place of Presentation
      Cold Spring Harbor(USA)
    • Year and Date
      2008-05-01
    • Related Report
      2011 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] Revisiting of collagen-specific molecular chaperone HSP47:Alternative degradation pathway of misfolded procollagen in the ER2008

    • Author(s)
      Kazuhiro Nagata, Yusaku Masago, Yoshihito Ishida
    • Organizer
      ERAD and autophagy Cold Spring Harbor Meeting "Molecular Chaperones and stress Response"
    • Place of Presentation
      Cold Spring Harbor(USA)
    • Year and Date
      2008-05-01
    • Related Report
      2009 Self-evaluation Report
  • [Presentation] Revisiting of collagen-specific molecular chaperone HSP47 : Alternative degradation pathway of misfolded procollagen in the ER ; ERAD and autophagy2008

    • Author(s)
      Kazuhiro Nagata, et al.
    • Organizer
      Cold Spring Harbor Meeting "Molecular Chaperones and stress Response"
    • Place of Presentation
      Cold Spring Harbor (USA)
    • Year and Date
      2008-05-01
    • Related Report
      2008 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Revisiting of collagen-specific molecular chaperone HSP47 : alternative degradation pathway of misfolded procollagen in the ER ; ERAD and autophagy2008

    • Author(s)
      K. NAGATA
    • Organizer
      Cold Sring Harbor Meeting
    • Place of Presentation
      Cold Sring Harbor(USA)
    • Related Report
      2007 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Collagen-specific molecular chaperone HSP472007

    • Author(s)
      K.Nagata
    • Organizer
      7th Pan Pacific Connective Tissue Societies Symposium
    • Place of Presentation
      Cairns(Australia)
    • Year and Date
      2007-10-30
    • Related Report
      2011 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] Thiol reductase ERdj5 accelerates the ER-associated degradation by cleaving intermolecular disulfide bonds of misfolded proteis2007

    • Author(s)
      K.Nagata
    • Organizer
      Gordon Research Conference, Stress Proteins in Growth,Development & Desease
    • Place of Presentation
      Oxford(UK)
    • Year and Date
      2007-08-21
    • Related Report
      2011 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] A novel thiol reductase ERdj5 accelerates ER-associated degradation by cleaving the intermolecular disulfide bonds of misfolded proteins2007

    • Author(s)
      K. Nagata
    • Organizer
      FASEB Summer Research Conference, Proteins Folding in the Cell
    • Place of Presentation
      Palm Springs(USA)
    • Year and Date
      2007-07-30
    • Related Report
      2011 Final Research Report
  • [Book] Protein Folding and Quality Control in the ER, Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology "Protein Homeostasis"2011

    • Author(s)
      K. Araki and K. Nagata
    • Publisher
      Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory press
    • Related Report
      2011 Final Research Report
  • [Book] Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology" Protein Homeostasis"2011

    • Author(s)
      K.Araki, K.Nagata, 他分担執筆
    • Total Pages
      349
    • Publisher
      Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory press
    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
  • [Book] 医学のための細胞生物学2009

    • Author(s)
      永田和宏、塩田浩平
    • Total Pages
      315
    • Publisher
      南山堂
    • Related Report
      2009 Self-evaluation Report
  • [Book] 医学のための細胞生物学2009

    • Author(s)
      永田和宏、塩田浩平(編)
    • Total Pages
      315
    • Publisher
      南山堂
    • Related Report
      2009 Annual Research Report
  • [Book] ルーイン細胞生物学2009

    • Author(s)
      永田和宏, 他(訳)
    • Total Pages
      681
    • Publisher
      東京化学同人
    • Related Report
      2008 Annual Research Report
  • [Book] ルーイン細胞生物学2008

    • Author(s)
      永田和宏、中野明彦、米田悦啓、須藤和夫、室伏擴、榎森康文、伊藤維昭(訳)
    • Total Pages
      681
    • Publisher
      東京化学同人
    • Related Report
      2009 Self-evaluation Report
  • [Remarks]

    • URL

      http://www.cc.kyoto-su.ac.jp/~nagata/index-j.html

    • Related Report
      2011 Final Research Report

URL: 

Published: 2007-04-01   Modified: 2018-03-28  

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