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Ca^<2+> and signal transduction in CNS neurones.

Research Project

Project/Area Number 04044029
Research Category

Grant-in-Aid for international Scientific Research

Allocation TypeSingle-year Grants
SectionJoint Research
Research InstitutionKYUSHU UNIVERSITY (1993-1994)
Tohoku University (1992)

Principal Investigator

AKAIKE Norio  KYUSHU UNIV., FAC.MED., PROF., 医学部, 教授 (30040182)

Co-Investigator(Kenkyū-buntansha) YATANI A.  UNIV.OF CINCINNATI COLLEGE OF MEDICINE,PROF., 薬理・細胞生物物理学, 教授
BROWN A.m.  BAYIOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE,PROF., 分子生理・生物物理学, 教授
BEHRENDS J.c.  MAX-PLANCK INSTTTUT FUR PSYCHIATRIE,RESEARCHER, 神経生理部門, 研究員
HARATA Nobutoshi  KYUSHU UNIV., FAC.MED., RESEARCH ASSOCIATE, 医学部, 助手 (90264043)
TOKUTOMI Naofumi  KUMAMOTO UNIV., FAC.MED., LEC., 医学部, 講師 (30227582)
NABEKURA Junichi  AKITA UNIV., FAC.MED., ASSO.PROF., 医学部, 助教授 (50237583)
LUX H.D.  マックスプランク精神医学研究所, 神経生理学部門, 教授
河 和義  東北大学, 医学部, 助教授 (70125839)
Project Period (FY) 1992 – 1994
Project Status Completed (Fiscal Year 1994)
Budget Amount *help
¥21,500,000 (Direct Cost: ¥21,500,000)
Fiscal Year 1994: ¥5,500,000 (Direct Cost: ¥5,500,000)
Fiscal Year 1993: ¥8,000,000 (Direct Cost: ¥8,000,000)
Fiscal Year 1992: ¥8,000,000 (Direct Cost: ¥8,000,000)
KeywordsCentral neurones / Pharmacological classification / GTP-binding protein / Patch-clamp technique / Nystatin / Calcium channel / Intracellular calcium / Second messenger
Research Abstract

The functional roles of Ca^<2+> in central neurones were clarified, using nystatin-perforated patch-recording configuration applied to acutely dissociated neurones of the rats. 1. Influx of Ca^<2+> through Iigand-gated ion channels : In the neurons of the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) and Meynert nucleus, ATP and kainate were shown to activate large cationic current and the subsequent Ca^<2+>-dependent K^+ current (I_<K(Ca)>) by way of Ca^<2+> that directly came though the large cation channel. The large cationic current of the Meynert neurones in response to NMDA was diminished as the age of the animals increased, whereas that to kainate was potentiated. Ca^<2+> permeability of NMDA was constant during development, while that of kainate was decreased. Kainate-induced I_<K(Ca)> was more pronounced in the aged rats. 2. Influx of Ca^<2+> through voltage-dependent Ca^<2+> channels (VDCCs) : By using specific toxins, the five subtypes of VDCC (L,N,P,Q,R) were shown to be distributed differentially in different regions of the CNS.Somatostatin suppressed N-type VDCC in CA1 pyramidal neurones, whereas noradrenaline suppressed N-, P- and Q-types in NTS neurones. The VDCC responsible for synaptic transmission in Meynert 'synaptic bouton' preparation was L- and P-types, with the L-type showing different properties to those of somatic one. 3. Release of Ca^<2+> from intracellular Ca^<2+> store : The agonists of metabotropic glutamate receptors, muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor activated I_<K(Ca)> in CA1 pyramidal neurones by way of G protein * phospholipase C * IP_3 * Ca^<2+> release from IP_3-sensitive Ca^<2+> store * I_<K(Ca)>. These results indicate that Ca^<2+> serves as a negative feedback mechanism by activating I_<K(Ca)> and that the mechanism is well developed in aged rats. It is further suggested that VDCCs in CNS manifest region- and subtype-specific properties.

Report

(3 results)
  • 1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • 1993 Annual Research Report
  • 1992 Annual Research Report
  • Research Products

    (70 results)

All Other

All Publications (70 results)

  • [Publications] Ueno,S.: "Perforated-patch method reveals extracellular ATP-induced K^+ conductance in dissociated rat nucleus solitarii neurons." Brain Res.597. 176-179 (1992)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Tokutomi,N.: "Penicillin-induced potentiation of glycine receptor-operated chloride current in rat ventro-medical hypothalamic neurones." Br.J.Pharmacol.106. 73-78 (1992)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Uneyama,C.: "Cytoplasmic pH regulates ATP-induced Ca^<2+> dependent K^+-current cytoplasmic oscillation in rat megakaryocytes." Biochem.J.295. 317-320 (1993)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Katayama,N.: "Penicillin-induced triphasic modulation of GABA_A receptor-operated chloride current in frog sensory neuron." Brain Res.595. 249-255 (1993)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Ye,J.H.: "Calcium currents in pyramidal neurons acutely dissociated from the rat frontal cortex:a study by nystatin perforated patch technique." Brain Res.606. 111-117 (1993)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Inomata,H.: "Suppression of taurine response in acutely dissociated substantia nigra neurons by intracellular cyclic AMP." Brain Res.615. 347-350 (1993)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Akaike,N.: "Effect of KB-2796,a new diphenylpiperazine Ca^<2+> antagonist,on voltage-dependent Ca^<2+> currents and oxidative metabolism in sissociated mammalian CNS neurons." Brain Res.619. 263-270 (1993)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Omura,T.: "Nystatin perforated patch recordings dis-close KA-operated outward currents in ratcortical neurons." Brain Res.627. 345-348 (1993)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Uneyama,J.: "Caffeine and related compounds block inhibitory amino acid-gated Cl^- current in freshly dissociated rat hippocampal neurones." Br.J.Pharmacol.109. 459-465 (1993)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Yakushiji,T.: "Differential properties of type I and type II benzodiazepine receptors in mammalian CNS neurones." Br.J.Pharmacol.109. 819-825 (1993)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Akaike,N.: "Existence of rolipram-sensitive phospho-diesterase in rat megakaryocyte." Br.J.Pharmacol.109. 1020-1023 (1993)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Nabekura,J.: "Muscarinic receptor activation of potassium channels in rat dentate gyrus neurons." J.Neuropohysiol.70. 1544-1552 (1993)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Uneyama,C.: "Cytoplasmic Ca^<2+> oscillation in rat megakaryocyte evoked by novel type of purinoceptor." J.Physiol.(London). 470. 731-749 (1993)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Munakata,M.: "Theophylline affects three different potassium currents in dissociated rat cortical neurones." J.Physiol.(London). 471. 599-616 (1993)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Ebihara,S.: "Potassium currents operated by thyrotropin-releasing hormone in dissociated CA1 pyramidal neurones of rat hippocampus." J.Physiol.(London). 472. 689-710 (1993)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Agopyan,N.: "Protein kinase A-mediated phosphorylation reduces only the fast desensitizing glycine current in acutely dissociated ventromedial] hypothalamic neurons." Neuroscience. 56. 605-615 (1993)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Furukawa,K.: "Nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine responses in differentiated PC12 cells." Brain Res.638. 302-310 (1994)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Takahashi,Y.: "Physiological roles of glycine and γ-amino-butyric acid in dissociated neurons of rat visual cortex." Brain Res.640. 229-235 (1994)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Tokutomi,N.: "Effects of lindane(γ-BHC) and related convulsants on GABA_A receptor-operated chloride channels in frog dorsal root ganglion neurons" Brain Res.640. 66-73 (1994)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Nabekura,J.: "Deveropmental change in voltage dependency of NMDA receptor-mediated response in nucleus tractus solitarii neurons" Brain Res.648. 152-156 (1994)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Uneyama,H.: "Suramin and Reactive blue 2 are antagonists for newly identifide purinoceptor on rat megakariocyte" Br.J.Pharmacol.111. 245-249 (1994)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Nishikawa,M.: "Muscarinic acetylcholine response in pyramidal neurons of rast cerebral cortex" Br.J.Pharmacol.112. 1160-1166 (1994)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Rhee,J.S.: "Gramicidin perforated patch-clamp technique reveals gycine-gated outward chloride current in dissociated nucleus solitarii neurons of the ra" J.Neurophysiol.72. 1103-1108 (1994)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Abe,Y.: "Glycine response in acutely dissociated ventromediat hypothalamic neuron of the rat:New approach with gramicidin perforated patchclamp technique" J.Neurophysiol.72. 1530-1537 (1994)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Nishikawa,M.: "Facilitatory effect of docosahexaenoic acid on N-methl-D-aspartate response in pyramidal neurones of rat cerebral cortex" J.Physiol.(London). 475. 83-93 (1994)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Shirasaki,T.: "Metabo tropic glutamate response in acutely dissociated hippocampal CAl pyramidal neurons of the rat" J.Physiol.(London). 475. 439-453 (1994)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Munakata,M.: "Regulation of K^+ conductance by histamine H_1 and H_2 receptors inneurons dissociated from rat neostriatum" J.Physioil.(London). 480. 233-245 (1994)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Rutherford,D.: "Effects of polant diterpenes on the neuronal GABA_A receptor-operated chloride current" Neuro Report. (in press).

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Akaike,N.: "Neuroreceptors,ion channel and the brain" Elsevier Scientific Publishers, 120 (1992)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Akaike,N.: "Interactions among cell signalling systems" John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 199 (1992)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Klee,M.R.: "Epilepsy and inhibition" Urban & Schwarzenberg, 106 (1992)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Akaike,N.: "Practical electrophysiological methods" Wiley-Liss, 300 (1992)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Akaike,N.: "Ion channels of excitable cells" Elsevier Scientific Publishers, 210 (1994)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Ueno, S.: "Pereforated-patch method reveals extracellular ATP-induced K^+ conductance in dissociated rat nucleus solitarii neurons." Brain Res.597. 176-179 (1992)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Tokutomi, N.: "Penicillin-induced potentiation fo glycine receptor-operated chloride current in rat ventro-medial hypothalamic neurones." Br.J.Pharmacol.106. 73-78 (1992)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Uneyama, C.: "Cytoplasmic pH regulates ATP-induced Ca^<2+> -dependent K^+ -current cytoplasmic oscillation in rat megakaryocytes." Biochem.J.295. 317-320 (1993)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Katayama, N.: "Penicillin-induced triphasic modulation of GABA_A receptor-operated chloride current in from sensory neuron." Brain Res.595. 249-255 (1993)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Ye, J.H.: "Calcium currents in pyramidal neurons acutely dissociated from the rat frontal cortex : a study by nystatin perforated patch technique." Brain Res.606. 111-117 (1993)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Inomata, H.: "Suppression of taurine response in acutely dissociated substantia nigra neurons by intracellular cyclic AMP." Brain Res.615. 347-350 (1993)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Akaike, N.: "Effect of KB-2796, a new diphenylpiperazine Ca^<2+> antagonist, on Voltage-Dependent Ca^<2+> currents and oxidative metabolism in dissociated mammalian CNS neurons." Brain Res.619. 263-270 (1993)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Omura, T.: "Nystatin perforated patch recordings disclose KA-operated outward currents in rat cortical neurons." Brain Res.627. 345-348 (1993)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Uneyama, J.: "Caffeine and related compounds block inhibitory amino acid-gated Cl^- current in freshly dissociated rat hippocampal neurones." Br.J.Pharmacol.109. 459-465 (1993)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Yakushiji, T.: "Differential properties of type I and type II benzodiazepine receptors in mammalian CNS neurones." Br.J.Pharmacol.109. 819-825 (1993)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Akaike, N.: "Existence of rolipram-sensitive phosphodiesterase in rat megakaryocyte." Br.J.Pharmacol.109. 1020-1023 (1993)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Nabekura, J.: "Muscarinic receptor activation of potassium channels in rat dentate gyrus neurons." J.Neurophysiol.70. 1544-1552 (1993)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Uneyama, C.: "Cytoplasmic Ca^<2+> oscillation in rat megakaryocyte evoked by novel type of purinocepter." J.Physiol. (London). 470. 731-749 (1993)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Munakata, M.: "Theophylline affects three different potassium currents in dissociated rat cortical neurones." J.Physiol. (London). 471. 599-616 (1993)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Ebihara, S.: "Potassium currents operated by thyrotropin-releasing hormone in dissociated CA1 pyramidal neurones of rat hippocampus." J.Physiol. (London). 472. 689-710 (1993)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Agopyan, N.: "Protein kinase A-mediated phosphorylation reduces only the fast desensitizing glycine current in acutely dissociated ventromedial hypothalamic neurons." Neuroscience. 56. 605-615 (1993)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Furukawa, K.: "Nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine responses in differentiated PG12 cells." Brain Res.638. 302-310 (1994)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Takahashi, Y.: "Physiological roles of glycine and gamma-aminobutyric acid in dissociated neurons of rat visual cortex." Brain Res.640. 229-235 (1994)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Tokutomi, N.: "Effects of Lindane (gamma-BHC) and related convulsants on GABA_A receptor-operated chloride channels in frog dorsal root ganglion neurons." Brain Res.643. 66-73 (1994)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Nabekura, J.: "Developmental change in voltage dependency of NMDA receptor-mediated response in nucleus tractus solitarii neurons." Brain Res.648. 152-156 (1994)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Uneyama, H.: "Suramin and reactive blue 2 are antagonists for newly identified purinoceptor on rat megakaryocyte." Br.J.Pharmacol.111. 245-249 (1994)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Nishikawa, M.: "Muscarinic acetylcholine response in pyramidal neurones of rat cerebral cortex." Br.J.Pharmacol.112. 1160-1166 (1994)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Rhee, J.S.: "Gramicidin perforated patch-clamp technique reveals glycine-gated outward chloride current in dissociated nucleus solitarii neurons of the rat." J.Neurophysiol.72. 1103-1108 (1994)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Abe, Y.: "Glycine response in acutely dissociated ventromedial hypothalamic neuron of the rat : New approach with gramicidin perforated patch-clamp technique." J.Neurophysiol.72. 1530-1537 (1994)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Nishikawa, M.: "Facilitatory effect of docosahexaenoic acid on N-methyl-D-aspartate response in pyramidal neurones of rat cortex." J.Physiol. (London). 475.1. 83-93 (1994)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Shirasaki, T.: "Metabotropic glutamate response in acutely dissociated hippocampal CA1 Pyamidal cal neurones of the rat." J.Physiol.(London). 475.3. 439-453 (1994)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Munakata, M.: "Regulation of K^+ conductance by hisamine H_1 and H_2 receptors in neurones dissociated from rat neostriatum." J.Physiol.480.2. 233-245 (1994)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Rutherford, D.: "Effects of plant diterpenes on the neuronal GABA_A receptor-oprated chloride current." Neuro Report. (in press).

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Akaike, N.: Elsevier Scientific Publishers. Neuroreceptors, ion channel and the brain, 113-120 (1992)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Akaike, N.: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.Interactions among cell signalling systems, 197-199 (1992)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Klee, M.R.: Urban & Schwarzenberg. Epilepsy and inhibition, 93-106 (1992)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Akaike, N.: Wiley-Liss. Practical electrophysiological methods, 155-158 (1992)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Akaike, N.: Elsevier Scientific Publishiers. Ion channels of excitable cells, 148-165 (1994)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      1994 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] UENO,S.ISHIBASHI,H.& AKAIKE,N.: "Pirforated-patch method reveals extracellular ATP-induced K^+ comductance in dissociated rat nucleus solitarii neurons." Brain Rescarch. 597. 176-179 (1992)

    • Related Report
      1992 Annual Research Report
  • [Publications] WAKAMORI,M.,HIDAKA,H.& AKAIKE,N.: "Hyperpolarizing muscarinic responses of freshly dissociated rat hippocampal CA1 neurones." Journal of Fhysiology. (1993)

    • Related Report
      1992 Annual Research Report
  • [Publications] YAKUSHIJI,T.,SHIRASAKI,T.,MUNAKATA,M.,HIRATA,A.& AKAIKE,N.: "Differential properties of type I and type II benzodiazepine receptors in mammalian CNS neuronis" British Journal of Pharmacology.

    • Related Report
      1992 Annual Research Report
  • [Publications] UNEYAMA,H.,HARATA,N.& AKAIKE,N.: "Caffeine and related compounds block inhibitory amino acid-gated CI-currents in freshly dissociated rat hippocampal neurones." British Jounal of Pharmacology.

    • Related Report
      1992 Annual Research Report

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Published: 1992-04-01   Modified: 2016-04-21  

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