| Budget Amount *help |
¥2,200,000 (Direct Cost: ¥2,200,000)
Fiscal Year 1998: ¥500,000 (Direct Cost: ¥500,000)
Fiscal Year 1997: ¥500,000 (Direct Cost: ¥500,000)
Fiscal Year 1996: ¥1,200,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,200,000)
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| Research Abstract |
As the Russian economy was enjoying an unheard of boom since 1995, the official statistics showed the overall expenditure level of the Russians was invariably contracting. The question was whether the statistics were false or the number of prospering Russians was very small, or else.
The first article on the methods of wage payment revealed that many employees now work on a contract basis as a supplementary labour on top of their normal work. Thus, the employer pays the minimum wages, minimum income tax, minimum contribution to social funds, etc, and pays the bonus as a payment to the third party as a purchase of service, etc. The article makes a point that it can be a major source of hidden income for employees.
The analysis of standard of living for 1990-1999 showed that the standard of living of Moscow residents was invariably rising since 1993 up to the crisis of August 1998. The main indices were the expenditure for food, the size of the living space, and the average life expectancy, etc. The crisis decreased the standard of expenditure by 40%, but the accumulation has become such that most people still enjoy larger flats, drive cars, etc that had been purchased in the boom era. Important point was that the unemployment level did not change significantly, and most of the middle income level people carried on working as before though at a much lower income level but at a similar standard of living.
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