| Budget Amount *help |
¥1,000,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,000,000)
Fiscal Year 2003: ¥500,000 (Direct Cost: ¥500,000)
Fiscal Year 2002: ¥500,000 (Direct Cost: ¥500,000)
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| Research Abstract |
Kurahashi argues from Nathaniel Hawthorne' s works that it is a deviation from the codes of conduct in any of the social classes for women in 19^<th>-century New England to, violate the sphere of men s work showing their intelligence, eloquence and leadership. Kurahashi also deal with women' s marriages and their sexuality in Kate Chopin' s works. Women in the 19^<th>-century South married earlier than those in the North and this also depended on their class and the difference of their financial conditions. Though their awakening of sexuality had no connection with classes, women in the upper class suppressed their sexuality.
Oba argues that protagonists in Hawthorne' s books are lacking in manliness judging from 19^<th>-century codes of conduct and cannot play a gender role, but they dominate women with paternal rights. There is a background that men find it difficult to establish their position in a patriarchy and the order of men and women. Oba also discusses that social classes are reflected in characters behavior and their values in The Blithedale Romance. Yakushigawa studies the standpoints of Wordsworth, street poets and Heaney, and concludes that they are pseudo-centers, drifting, and marginal respectively, which overlap their classes. To Wordsworth, the Lake District is a pseudo-center and nature there represents the ethos of England and ethics of the Anglican church, which is represented in his A Guide through the District of the Lakes.
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