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scenario development for swiddeners' living environment conservation utilizing long-term observation data in montane mainland southeast asia

Research Project

Project/Area Number 15K01877
Research Category

Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)

Allocation TypeMulti-year Fund
Section一般
Research Field Area studies
Research InstitutionKyoto University

Principal Investigator

Takeda Shinya  京都大学, アジア・アフリカ地域研究研究科, 教授 (90212026)

Co-Investigator(Kenkyū-buntansha) 鈴木 玲治  京都学園大学, バイオ環境学部, 准教授 (60378825)
Project Period (FY) 2015-04-01 – 2019-03-31
Project Status Completed (Fiscal Year 2018)
Budget Amount *help
¥4,810,000 (Direct Cost: ¥3,700,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,110,000)
Fiscal Year 2018: ¥650,000 (Direct Cost: ¥500,000、Indirect Cost: ¥150,000)
Fiscal Year 2017: ¥1,170,000 (Direct Cost: ¥900,000、Indirect Cost: ¥270,000)
Fiscal Year 2016: ¥1,430,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,100,000、Indirect Cost: ¥330,000)
Fiscal Year 2015: ¥1,560,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,200,000、Indirect Cost: ¥360,000)
Keywords焼畑土地利用 / 東南アジア / インドシナ / 大陸部山地林 / 環境保全 / 山地民 / 長期観測 / シナリオ構築 / ミャンマー / ラオス
Outline of Final Research Achievements

We monitored swidden cultivation and forest fallow management in a Karen village in Myanmar and a Khmu village in Laos between 2002 and 2018. Swidden farming is found throughout the mountains of mainland Southeast Asia; however, there is a current preference for the use of other land-use systems. The recent trend toward a market economy has forced the people and forests in the mountains of Myanmar and Laos to undergo various changes as they integrate into the world market. They have been impacted by the enclosure movement, the expansion of the cultivation of cash crops, the increase in logging concessions, and re-afforestation aimed at industrial wood resources. Here, we discuss the changes taking place in the relationship between the local people and their swidden cultivation system. We also examine the possibility of stabilizing swidden cultivation in the study areas to ensure a future in which the swidden farmers are able to live with a sense of security.

Academic Significance and Societal Importance of the Research Achievements

焼畑土地利用動態と休閑地での植生回復は、農業生産のみならず、林産物採取を左右し、さらに食生活を含む焼畑民の生活環境にも影響を与える。焼畑の禁止や出稼ぎなどの最近の急激な変化は、住民の生活環境にも反映される。これらの森林の攪乱動態と生活環境の関連性に関する現地調査結果をこれまでの林政(土地所有区分・保護林の設定・焼畑の禁止)を含んだ地域の履歴の中に位置付けた。二つの焼畑村を地域の時間軸(歴史)と空間(生態環境)の中でとらえて、この事例が東南アジア大陸部山地の中でもつ意味を明らかにし、さらに近隣諸国の事例と比較することで、貧困化した山地焼畑民の生活環境保全に資する提言をおこなった。

Report

(5 results)
  • 2018 Annual Research Report   Final Research Report ( PDF )
  • 2017 Research-status Report
  • 2016 Research-status Report
  • 2015 Research-status Report
  • Research Products

    (58 results)

All 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 Other

All Int'l Joint Research (12 results) Journal Article (10 results) (of which Int'l Joint Research: 7 results,  Peer Reviewed: 9 results,  Open Access: 6 results) Presentation (34 results) (of which Int'l Joint Research: 6 results,  Invited: 2 results) Book (2 results)

  • [Int'l Joint Research] Faculty of Forestry Science/National University of Laos(ラオス)

    • Related Report
      2018 Annual Research Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] Univ of Forestry & Environmental Science(ミャンマー)

    • Related Report
      2018 Annual Research Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] Faculty of Forestry/Kasetsart University(タイ)

    • Related Report
      2018 Annual Research Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] Faulty of Forestry Science/National University of Laos(ラオス)

    • Related Report
      2017 Research-status Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] University of Forestry(Myanmar)

    • Related Report
      2017 Research-status Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] Faculty of Forestry/Kasetsert University(Thailand)

    • Related Report
      2017 Research-status Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] Faculty of Forestry Science/National University of Laos(ラオス)

    • Related Report
      2016 Research-status Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] Forest Research Institute/Forest Department, MOECAF(Myanmar)

    • Related Report
      2016 Research-status Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] Faculty of Foreestry/Kasetsart University(Thailand)

    • Related Report
      2016 Research-status Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] Faculty of Forestry Science/National University of Laos(ラオス)

    • Related Report
      2015 Research-status Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] Forest Research Institute/Forest Department, MOECAF(Myanmar)

    • Related Report
      2015 Research-status Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] Faculty of Forestry/Kasetsart University(Thailand)

    • Related Report
      2015 Research-status Report
  • [Journal Article] Swiddeners’ household strategies for the wild harvest of Rauvolfia serpentina and Amorphophallus bulbifer in a Karen swidden system in the Bago Mountains, Myanmar2019

    • Author(s)
      Ei, Yasuyuki Kosaka, Soonthornchareonnon Noppamas, Shinya Takeda
    • Journal Title

      Economic Botany

      Volume: in press Issue: 2 Pages: 1-11

    • DOI

      10.1007/s12231-019-09450-7

    • Related Report
      2018 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Underground biomass accumulation of two economically important non-timber forest products is influenced by ecological settings and swiddeners’ management in the Bago Mountains, Myanmar2017

    • Author(s)
      Ei, Yasuyuki Kosaka, Shinya Takeda
    • Journal Title

      Forest Ecology and Management

      Volume: 404(15) Pages: 330-337

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.foreco.2017.09.015

    • Related Report
      2017 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Swidden farming and rain-green forests of mainland Southeast Asia2017

    • Author(s)
      Takeda Shinya
    • Journal Title

      Journal of Agroforestry and Environment

      Volume: 11(1&2) Pages: 139-142

    • Related Report
      2017 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Contribution of NTFPs to local livelihood: a case study of Nong Sai Sub-district, Nang Rong district under Buriram Province, Northeast Thailand2017

    • Author(s)
      Nittaya Mianmit, Vipak Jintana, Pasuta Sunthornhao, Panan Kanhasin, and Shinya Takeda
    • Journal Title

      Journal of Agroforestry and Environment

      Volume: 11(1&2) Pages: 123-128

    • Related Report
      2017 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Sleep quality among elderly high-altitude dwellers in Ladakh.2017

    • Author(s)
      Ryota Sakamotoa, Kiyohito Okumiya,Tsering Norboo, Norboo Tsering, Takayoshi Yamaguchi, Mitsuhiro Nose, Shinya Takeda et.al.
    • Journal Title

      Psychiatry Research

      Volume: 249 Pages: 51-57

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.psychres.2016.12.043

    • Related Report
      2016 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] The Transition Away From Swidden Agriculture and Trends in Biomass Accumulation in Fallow Forests: Case Studies in the Southern Chin Hills of Myanmar.2016

    • Author(s)
      Nyein Chan and Shinya Takeda.
    • Journal Title

      Mountain Research and Development

      Volume: 36 Issue: 3 Pages: 320-331

    • DOI

      10.1659/mrd-journal-d-14-00083.1

    • Related Report
      2016 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Assessment of biomass recovery and soil carbon storage of fallow forests after swidden cultivation in the Bago Mountains, Myanmar2016

    • Author(s)
      Nyein Chan, Shinya Takeda, Reiji Suzuki, Sota Yamamoto
    • Journal Title

      New Forests

      Volume: - Issue: 4 Pages: 1-21

    • DOI

      10.1007/s11056-016-9531-y

    • Related Report
      2016 Research-status Report 2015 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Community-Scale Analysis of the Farmland Abandonment Occurrence Process in the Mountain Region of Ladakh, India2016

    • Author(s)
      Takayoshi Yamaguchi, Sonam Ngodup, Nitsuhiro Nose, Shinya Takeda
    • Journal Title

      Journal of Land Use Science

      Volume: 11(4) Issue: 4 Pages: 401-416

    • DOI

      10.1080/1747423x.2016.1174317

    • Related Report
      2016 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] ラオス焼畑山村における家畜飼養拠点としての出作り集落の形成-ルアンパバーン県ウィエンカム郡サムトン村を事例として-2015

    • Author(s)
      中辻享、ラムプーン・サイウォンサー、竹田 晋也
    • Journal Title

      甲南大學紀要 文学編 歴史文化学科

      Volume: 165 Pages: 255-265

    • NAID

      120005619279

    • Related Report
      2015 Research-status Report
  • [Journal Article] Changing Land Use and Water Management in a Ladakhi Village of Northern India2015

    • Author(s)
      Shinya Takeda, Takayoshi Yamaguchi
    • Journal Title

      Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia

      Volume: 5 Pages: 60-66

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.aaspro.2015.08.009

    • Related Report
      2015 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] ミャンマーからの国外就労と農山村の持続性2019

    • Author(s)
      竹田 晋也
    • Organizer
      日本熱帯農業学会第125回講演会公開シンポジウム
    • Related Report
      2018 Annual Research Report
    • Invited
  • [Presentation] Effects of Logging and Forest Fires on Stand Structure of Acacia catechu Forests in Saw Township, Magway Region, Myanmar2019

    • Author(s)
      Wai Phyoe Maung and Shinya Takeda
    • Organizer
      日本熱帯農業学会第125回講演会
    • Related Report
      2018 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Wild tea gardens and tea production in northern Laos2018

    • Author(s)
      Shinya Takeda, Yasuyuki Kosaka, Lamphoune Xayvongsa, Khamsing Keothoumma, Xengxiong Nhiatou
    • Organizer
      日本熱帯農業学会第124回講演会
    • Related Report
      2018 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Stand Structure and Above-ground Biomass of Rhizophora Forest in Lampi Marine National Park, Myanmar2018

    • Author(s)
      Win Maung Aye and Shinya Takeda
    • Organizer
      日本熱帯農業学会第124回講演会
    • Related Report
      2018 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] ラオス北部における山茶の園茶化に関する予備的考察2018

    • Author(s)
      竹田晋也、小坂康之、Lamphoune Xayvongsa
    • Organizer
      第28回日本熱帯生態学会年次大会
    • Related Report
      2018 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] ミャンマー・バゴー山地におけるダム建設にともなう水没村落住民の 林野利用の変容と世帯戦略2018

    • Author(s)
      小林美月・Nyein Chan・竹田晋也
    • Organizer
      第28回日本熱帯生態学会年次大会
    • Related Report
      2018 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] ミャンマー・カレン村落における過去15年間の焼畑動態と休閑地の植生回復2017

    • Author(s)
      鈴木玲治・竹田晋也・ニエンチャン
    • Organizer
      日本熱帯農業学会第121回講演会
    • Place of Presentation
      日本大学生物資源科学部(神奈川県藤沢市)
    • Year and Date
      2017-03-12
    • Related Report
      2016 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] Estimation of underground biomass of Rauvolfia serpentina and Amorphophallus bulbifer in a Karen swidden system in the Bago Mountains, Myanmar2017

    • Author(s)
      Ei, Shinya Takeda and Yasuyuki Kosaka
    • Organizer
      日本熱帯農業学会第121回講演会
    • Place of Presentation
      日本大学生物資源科学部(神奈川県藤沢市)
    • Year and Date
      2017-03-11
    • Related Report
      2016 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] バゴー山地カレン村落と焼畑土地利用の変容 -15年間のモニタリング調査から-2017

    • Author(s)
      竹田晋也
    • Organizer
      東南アジア学会第97回研究大会 パネル発表 民主化のなかのミャンマー農山村
    • Related Report
      2017 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] Under-ground Non-timber Forest Products in a Mixed Deciduous Forest in the Bago Mountains,Myanmar2017

    • Author(s)
      Ei,Yasuyuki Kosaka and Shinya Takeda
    • Organizer
      第27回日本熱帯生態学会年次大会
    • Related Report
      2017 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] ミャンマー・バゴー山地カレン村落での住民林業の普及と焼畑の変容2017

    • Author(s)
      竹田晋也
    • Organizer
      第27回日本熱帯生態学会年次大会
    • Related Report
      2017 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] Sustainability of Sugar Palm Endosperms Extraction from Household Forests in a Mien Village of Nan Province, Northern Thailand2017

    • Author(s)
      Nittaya Mianmit, Aya Morioki, Vipak Jintana, Shinya Takeda
    • Organizer
      日本熱帯農業学会第122回講演会
    • Related Report
      2017 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] Effects of local forest utilization on community forest stand structure and species composition in Nyaung Shwe Township, Shan State, Myanmar2017

    • Author(s)
      Thel Phyu Phyu Soe, Shinya TAKEDA
    • Organizer
      日本熱帯農業学会第123回講演会
    • Related Report
      2017 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] Abandonment of mangrove paddy fields and its consequences in a Mon village, Taninthayi Region, Myanmar2017

    • Author(s)
      Win Maung Aye, Shinya TAKEDA
    • Organizer
      日本熱帯農業学会第123回講演会
    • Related Report
      2017 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] シイタケ原木クヌギ林でのヤマチャの生育状況 -宮崎県東臼杵郡椎葉村と諸塚村を例として-2017

    • Author(s)
      磯田真紀、近藤友大、鈴木玲治、竹田晋也
    • Organizer
      日本熱帯農業学会第123回講演会
    • Related Report
      2017 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] Fallow vegetation recovery process in relation to swidden cultivation dynamics during past 14 years in a Karen village of Myanmar2016

    • Author(s)
      Reiji Suzuki, Shinya Takeda, and Nyein Chan
    • Organizer
      IUFRO Regional Congress for Asia and Oceania 2016
    • Place of Presentation
      China National Convention Center, Beijing, China
    • Year and Date
      2016-10-26
    • Related Report
      2016 Research-status Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Mapping a full cycle of swidden cultivation in a Khmu village and its implications for land use stabilization in Laos2016

    • Author(s)
      Shinya Takeda
    • Organizer
      IUFRO Regional Congress for Asia and Oceania 2016
    • Place of Presentation
      China National Convention Center, Beijing, China
    • Year and Date
      2016-10-24
    • Related Report
      2016 Research-status Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] A preliminary assessment of the effect of out-migration on the swidden landscape: A case study in Southern Chin State, Myanmar2016

    • Author(s)
      Nyein Chan
    • Organizer
      IUFRO Regional Congress for Asia and Oceania 2016
    • Place of Presentation
      China National Convention Center, Beijing, China
    • Year and Date
      2016-10-24
    • Related Report
      2016 Research-status Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] ミャンマー中央乾燥地域村落における農外就労機会の多様化に伴う農林業システムの変化2016

    • Author(s)
      井上瞳・小坂康之・竹田晋也・Theingi MYINT
    • Organizer
      日本熱帯農業学会第120回講演会
    • Place of Presentation
      鹿児島大学農学部郡元キャンパス 農・獣医共通棟(鹿児島県鹿児島市)
    • Year and Date
      2016-10-08
    • Related Report
      2016 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] サトウヤシ果実の過剰採取抑制要因の検討 -タイ北部ナーン県S村の事例から-2016

    • Author(s)
      守沖彩・竹田晋也・Vipak JINTANA・Nittaya MIANMIT
    • Organizer
      日本熱帯農業学会第120回講演会
    • Place of Presentation
      鹿児島大学農学部郡元キャンパス 農・獣医共通棟(鹿児島県鹿児島市)
    • Year and Date
      2016-10-08
    • Related Report
      2016 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] Soil salinity of cyclone-affected mangrove paddy fields in the Ayeyarwady Delta, Myanmar2016

    • Author(s)
      Thinn Thinn, Reiji Suzuki, Shinya Takeda
    • Organizer
      第26回日本熱帯生態学会年次大会
    • Place of Presentation
      筑波大学筑波キャンパス(茨城県つくば市)
    • Year and Date
      2016-06-19
    • Related Report
      2016 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] ラオス北部におけるマックタオ生産の変遷とサトウヤシ林の保全に関する予備的考察2016

    • Author(s)
      竹田晋也、小坂康之、Lamphoune Xayvongsa
    • Organizer
      第26回日本熱帯生態学会年次大会
    • Place of Presentation
      筑波大学筑波キャンパス(茨城県つくば市)
    • Year and Date
      2016-06-18
    • Related Report
      2016 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] An Analysis of Non-Timber Forest Product Choice among Swidden Farmers in the Bago Mountains, Myanmar2016

    • Author(s)
      Ei, Shinya Takeda and Yasuyuki Kosaka
    • Organizer
      第26回日本熱帯生態学会年次大会
    • Place of Presentation
      筑波大学筑波キャンパス(茨城県つくば市)
    • Year and Date
      2016-06-18
    • Related Report
      2016 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] Distribution patterns of alien plants and their landscape in Lao PDR2016

    • Author(s)
      Yasuyuki Kosaka, Lamphoune Xayvongsa, Shinya Takeda
    • Organizer
      第26回日本熱帯生態学会年次大会
    • Place of Presentation
      筑波大学筑波キャンパス(茨城県つくば市)
    • Year and Date
      2016-06-18
    • Related Report
      2016 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] ミャンマー・バゴー山地の焼畑休閑地の植生回復を規定する要因-カレン村落における過去14年間のモニタリングに基づく解析-2016

    • Author(s)
      鈴木玲治、竹田晋也、ニエンチャン
    • Organizer
      第119回日本熱帯農業学会講演集『熱帯農業研究』
    • Place of Presentation
      明治大学農学部(生田キャンパス)
    • Year and Date
      2016-03-23
    • Related Report
      2015 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] Diffusion of ‘Community Forestry’ and ‘Paddy Agroforestry’ among Swiddeners in the Bago Mountains of Myanmar2015

    • Author(s)
      Shinya Takeda
    • Organizer
      ISSAAS 2015 and JSTA International Joint Conference Abstracts for Science Meeting
    • Place of Presentation
      東京農業大学
    • Year and Date
      2015-11-07
    • Related Report
      2015 Research-status Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Can Wa-U (Amorphophallus spp.) cultivation be an alternative livelihood option for swidden cultivators in the course of swidden transformation? A case study in Matupi, southern Chin State, Myanmar2015

    • Author(s)
      Nyein Chan and Shinya Takeda
    • Organizer
      第25回日本熱帯生態学会年次大会(京都)講演要旨集,69
    • Place of Presentation
      京都大学稲盛財団記念館
    • Year and Date
      2015-06-19
    • Related Report
      2015 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] Soil salinity at different heights in the cyclone-affected mangrove paddy fields in the Ayeyarwady Delta, Myanmar with special reference to Byaik2015

    • Author(s)
      Thinn Thinn and Shinya Takeda
    • Organizer
      第25回日本熱帯生態学会年次大会(京都)講演要旨集,81
    • Place of Presentation
      京都大学稲盛財団記念館
    • Year and Date
      2015-06-19
    • Related Report
      2015 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] 焼畑の水田化と山地民の生活変容 -ミャンマー・バゴー山地カレン焼畑村落での谷地田普及の背景-2015

    • Author(s)
      竹田晋也、鈴木玲治、ニエンチャン
    • Organizer
      第25回日本熱帯生態学会年次大会(京都)講演要旨集,123
    • Place of Presentation
      京都大学稲盛財団記念館
    • Year and Date
      2015-06-19
    • Related Report
      2015 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] 二つのRECOFTCと一つの解釈 -橋渡し型社会資本組織の変相と複層的理解の試み-2015

    • Author(s)
      倉島孝行、竹田晋也、松浦俊也、宮本麻子、佐野真琴
    • Organizer
      第25回日本熱帯生態学会年次大会(京都)講演要旨集,31
    • Place of Presentation
      京都大学稲盛財団記念館
    • Year and Date
      2015-06-19
    • Related Report
      2015 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] インドネシア中央カリマンタン州カプアス川流域で実施されたKFCPから見えてきたREDD+の実践的課題2015

    • Author(s)
      山中潤、竹田晋也、小林繁男、Yusurum Jagau
    • Organizer
      第25回日本熱帯生態学会年次大会(京都)講演要旨集,41
    • Place of Presentation
      京都大学稲盛財団記念館
    • Year and Date
      2015-06-19
    • Related Report
      2015 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] Herbaceous plants of paddy fields and their use in Laos2015

    • Author(s)
      Yasuyuki Kosaka, Lamphoune Xayvongsa, Anoulom Vilayphone, Shinya Takeda
    • Organizer
      第25回日本熱帯生態学会年次大会(京都)講演要旨集,67
    • Place of Presentation
      京都大学稲盛財団記念館
    • Year and Date
      2015-06-19
    • Related Report
      2015 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] Decentralization in Mangrove Restoration: a Critical Analysis – Case study in Central Coast of Vietnam2015

    • Author(s)
      Hoang Hao Tra My and Shinya Takeda
    • Organizer
      Land grabbing, conflict and agrarian‐environmental transformations: perspectives from East and Southeast Asia,
    • Place of Presentation
      Chiang Mai University, Thailand
    • Year and Date
      2015-06-05
    • Related Report
      2015 Research-status Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Mapping Full Cycle of Swidden Cultivation in the Mountains of Myanmar & Laos: Lessons Learned from Long-Term Monitoring of Swidden Cultivation in one Karen and one Khimu Village2015

    • Author(s)
      TAKEDA Shinya
    • Organizer
      The Sixth Conference of the ASEAN Social Forestry Network (ASFN 6th Conference) Inle Lake
    • Place of Presentation
      Inle Lake, Myanmer
    • Year and Date
      2015-06-02
    • Related Report
      2015 Research-status Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Book] 農耕文化圏と熱帯各地の農業 4.2東南アジア大陸部, 江原宏・樋口浩和.共編『熱帯農学概論』2019

    • Author(s)
      竹田晋也 (担当:分担執筆)
    • Publisher
      培風館
    • ISBN
      9784563078263
    • Related Report
      2018 Annual Research Report
  • [Book] Livelihood Activities of Swiddeners Under the Transition of Swidden Agriculture: A Case Study in a Khmu village, Northern Laos,In Mario Lopez and Jafar Suryomenggolo eds. Environmental Resources Use and Challenges in Contemporary Southeast Asia2018

    • Author(s)
      Nyein Chan, Lamphoune Xayvongsa and Shinya Takeda
    • Publisher
      Springer Singapore
    • ISBN
      9789811088803
    • Related Report
      2018 Annual Research Report

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Published: 2015-04-16   Modified: 2022-02-22  

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