思考と学習の霊長類的基盤

• Project/Area Number: 16002001
• Research Category: Grant-in-Aid for Specially Promoted Research
• Allocation Type: Single-year Grants
• Review Section: Humanities and Social Sciences
• Research Institution: Kyoto University
• Principal Investigator: 松沢 哲郎 京大, 霊長類研究所, 教授 (60111986)
• Co-Investigator(Kenkyū-buntansha): 友永 雅己 京都大学, 霊長類研究所, 准教授 (70237139) ; 田中 正之 京都大学, 霊長類研究所, 助教 (80280775)
• Project Period (FY): 2004 – 2008
• Project Status: Completed (Fiscal Year 2008)
• Budget Amount: ¥333,320,000 (Direct Cost: ¥256,400,000、Indirect Cost: ¥76,920,000); Fiscal Year 2008: ¥64,220,000 (Direct Cost: ¥49,400,000、Indirect Cost: ¥14,820,000); Fiscal Year 2007: ¥65,390,000 (Direct Cost: ¥50,300,000、Indirect Cost: ¥15,090,000); Fiscal Year 2006: ¥66,690,000 (Direct Cost: ¥51,300,000、Indirect Cost: ¥15,390,000); Fiscal Year 2005: ¥67,860,000 (Direct Cost: ¥52,200,000、Indirect Cost: ¥15,660,000); Fiscal Year 2004: ¥69,160,000 (Direct Cost: ¥53,200,000、Indirect Cost: ¥15,960,000)
• Keywords: 思考 / 言語 / 学習 / 親子関係 / チンパンジー / 幼児期 / 比較認知科学 / 比較認知発達 / 認知発達 / 社会的参照 / 数列記憶 / 表情認知 / 相互利他行動 / 道具使用 / 陰影処理 / 系列情報処理 / 視線理解 / 運動知覚 / 対象操作 / 社会的知性 / 野外研究

Research Abstract

人間を特徴づける思考やその背後にある学習の特性を知るうえで、それらがどのように進化してきたかという理解が必要不可欠だ。そのために、「進化の隣人」と言えるチンパンジーを対象に、「思考と学習の発達的変化」について、「子ども期(4歳以上-8歳未満)」に焦点をあてた研究をおこなってきた。本年度は、対象児が6歳後半から7歳を迎える時期だ。この時期の学習と思考を3つの場面で検討した。
1)社会的場面:屋外運動場やプレイルームやテスト室で繰り広げられるチンパンジーのコミュニティーを研究単位とした社会的場面において。道具のやり取りなどの実験を行い、互恵的利他行動がチンパンジーでは比較的起こりづらいことを見出した。また、屋外放飼場における道具使用場面での資源をめぐる個体間の駆け引きの発達的変化を縦断的に観察した。
2)対面検査場面:これまでの「参与観察研究」を継続して、対象操作を通じての物理的特性の理解の発達過程を検討した。
3)個体学習場面:1個体を対象にした思考と学習の研究を発展させた。その結果、チンパンジーの子どもは直観像的な視覚的記憶においてヒト成人やチンパンジーのおとなを凌駕する能力があることを詳細な実験によって明らかにした。また、チンパンジーにおける情動的事象の記憶の研究を行った。さらに、顔認識や視線認識、奥行き知覚や注意などの基礎的な知覚認知過程の比較研究を行った。チンパンジーやヒトの音声と発信者の映像をマッチングさせる課題を継続的に訓練したが、この種の課題尾はきわめて困難であった。
さちに、年度後半には新たな研究の展開を目指して、トラックボール、非拘束型視線記録装置、大型液晶タッチパネルなどを導入し、これらを実装したあらたな実験用ブースを設置した。また、野外実験と行動観察を組み合わせた手法で、ギニアの野生チンパンジーを対象にした比較認知研究を実施した。その中で、非血縁個体間での興味深い食物分配の事例を発見した。さらに種間比較として、ヒト定型/非定型発達児、テナガザル、ニホンザル、オマキザル、さらにはイルカ類を対象にして、比較認知科学の視点から研究を進めた。

Research Products

• [Journal Article] Relative numerosity discrimination by chimpanzees(Pan troglodytes): Evidence for approximate numerical representations. (2008)
  • Author(s): Tomonaga, M.
  • Journal Title: Animal Cognition 11 Pages: 43-57
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] The effects of linear perspective on relative size discrimination in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and humans (Homo sapiens) (2008)
  • Author(s): Imura, T.
  • Journal Title: Behavioural Processes 77 Pages: 306-312
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] ERPs to stimulus deviance in an awale chimpanzee (Pan roglodytes): Towards hominid cognitive neurosciences. (2008)
  • Author(s): Ueno, A.
  • Journal Title: PLoS ONE 3 Pages: 1442-1442
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Gravity bias in young and adult chimpanzees(Pan troglodytes): Tests with modified opaque-tubes task. (2008)
  • Author(s): Tomonaga, M.
  • Journal Title: Developmental Science 10 Pages: 410-420
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Working memory of numerals in chimpanzees. (2007)
  • Author(s): Inoue, S.
  • Journal Title: Current Biology 17 Pages: 1004-1005
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] A new notation system of object manipulation in the nesting-cup task for chimpanzees and humans. (2007)
  • Author(s): Hayashi. M.
  • Journal Title: Cortex 43 Pages: 308-318
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Stacking blocks by chimpanzees: developmental processes and physical understanding. (2007)
  • Author(s): Hayashi, M.
  • Journal Title: Animal Cognition 10 Pages: 89-103
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Chimpanzees share forbidden fruit. (2007)
  • Author(s): Hockings, K.
  • Journal Title: PLos ONE 2 Pages: 886-886
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Recognition of pictorial representations by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). (2007)
  • Author(s): Tanaka, M.
  • Journal Title: Animal Cognition 10 Pages: 169-179
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Is chimpanzee(Pan troglodytes)spatial attention reflexively triggered by the gaze cue? (2007)
  • Author(s): Tomonaga, M.
  • Journal Title: Journal of Comparative Psychology 有 Pages: 156-170
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Tooth eruption in two agile gibbons(Hylobates agilis). (2007)
  • Author(s): Uchikosi, M.
  • Journal Title: Gibbon Jouranl 3 Pages: 66-73
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Comparative cognitive development (2007)
  • Author(s): Matsuzawa, T.
  • Journal Title: Developmental Science 10(1) Pages: 97-103
• [Journal Article] Visual search for orientation of faces by a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) (2007)
  • Author(s): Tomonaga, M.
  • Journal Title: Primates 48 Pages: 1-12
  • NAID: 10010164572
• [Journal Article] Relative numerosity discrimination by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). (2007)
  • Author(s): Tomonaga, M.
  • Journal Title: Animal Cognition (in press)
• [Journal Article] Looking compensates for the distance between mother and infant chimpanzee (2007)
  • Author(s): Okamoto-Barth, S.
  • Journal Title: Developmental Science 10 Pages: 172-182
• [Journal Article] Road crossing in chimpanzees : A risky business (2006)
  • Author(s): Hockings, K.
  • Journal Title: Current Biology 16(17) Pages: 668-670
• [Journal Article] Ground-nesting by the chimpanzees of the Nimba Mountains, Guinea : Environmentally or socially determined? (2006)
  • Author(s): Koops, K.
  • Journal Title: American Journal of Primatology 65 Pages: 1-13
• [Journal Article] Perception of motion trajectory of objects from the moving cast shadow in infants. (2006)
  • Author(s): Imura, T.
  • Journal Title: Vision Research 46 Pages: 652-657
• [Journal Article] Nutritional significance of the selective ingestion of Albizia zygia gum exudate by wild chimpanzees in Bossou, Guinea. (2006)
  • Author(s): Ushida, K.
  • Journal Title: American Journal of Primatology 68(2) Pages: 143-151
• [Journal Article] Behavior of infant chimpanzees during the night in the first 4months of life : Smiling and suckling in relation to behavioral state. (2006)
  • Author(s): Mizuno, Y.
  • Journal Title: Infancy 9(2) Pages: 215-234
• [Journal Article] Group differences in the mutual gaze of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). (2005)
  • Author(s): Bard, K.
  • Journal Title: Developmental Psychology 41 Pages: 616-624
• [Journal Article] Can chimpanzee infants (Pan troglodytes) form categorical representations in the same manner as human infants (Homo sapiens)? (2005)
  • Author(s): Murai, C.
  • Journal Title: Developmental Science 8 Pages: 240-254
• [Journal Article] Development of face recognition in infant chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). (2005)
  • Author(s): Myowa-Yamakoshi, M.
  • Journal Title: Cognitive Development 20 Pages: 49-63
• [Journal Article] How does the stone-tool use emerge? Introduction of stones and nuts to naive chimpanzees in captivity. (2005)
  • Author(s): Hayashi, M.
  • Journal Title: Primates 46(2) Pages: 91-102
• [Journal Article] How does the stone-tool use emerge? Introduction of stones and nuts to naive chimpanzees in captivity (2005)
  • Author(s): Hayashi, M
  • Journal Title: Primates (印刷中)
• [Journal Article] Development of face recognition in infant chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) (2005)
  • Author(s): Myowa-Yamakoshi, M.
  • Journal Title: Cognitive Development (印刷中)
• [Journal Article] Response to novel food in infant chimpanzees : Do infants refer to mothers before ingesting food on their own? (2005)
  • Author(s): Ueno, A
  • Journal Title: Behavioural Processes 68・1 Pages: 86-90
• [Journal Article] Color classification by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in a matching to sample task (2004)
  • Author(s): Matsuno, T.
  • Journal Title: Behavioural Brain Research 148・1-2 Pages: 157-165
• [Journal Article] Oil palm use by adjacent communities of chimpanzees at Bossou and Nimba Mountains, West Africa (2004)
  • Author(s): Humle, T.
  • Journal Title: International Journal of Primatology 25・3 Pages: 551-581
• [Journal Article] Looking back : The "representational mechanism" of joint attention in an infant chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) (2004)
  • Author(s): Okamoto, S.
  • Journal Title: Japanese Psychological Research 46・3 Pages: 236-245
• [Journal Article] Exploring by Doing : How young chimpanzees discover surfaces through actions with objects.
  • Author(s): Takeshita, H.
  • Journal Title: Infant Behavior and Development (印刷中)
• [Presentation] Searching the object attended or ignored by the others: Efficient search for ignorance by the young chimpanzees(Pan troglodytes) (2008)
  • Author(s): Tomonaga, M., & Imura, T.
  • Organizer: XVIth International Conference on Infant Studies(ICIS2008)
  • Place of Presentation: Vancouver, Canada
  • Year and Date: 2008-03-27
• [Presentation] Cognitive development in chimpanzees (2007)
  • Author(s): Matsuzawa, T.
  • Organizer: Iberian Primatological Conference
  • Place of Presentation: Peniche, Portugal
  • Year and Date: 2007-11-07
• [Presentation] Cognitive development in chimpanzees (2007)
  • Author(s): Matsuzawa, T.
  • Organizer: The annual meeting of the American Society of Primatologists
  • Place of Presentation: Jun. Winston-Salem, USA
  • Year and Date: 2007-06-21
• [Presentation] Visual search on the ground-like surface defined by texture gradients in chimpanzees(Pan troglodytes)and humans(Homo sapiens) (2007)
  • Author(s): Imura, T., & Tomonaga, M.
  • Organizer: Vision Sciences Society 2007 Annual Meeting
  • Place of Presentation: Sarasota, USA
  • Year and Date: 2007-05-12
• [Book] チンパンジーから見た世界(新装版)コレクション認知科学12 (2008)
  • Author(s): 松沢 哲郎
  • Total Pages: 248
  • Publisher: 東京大学出版会
• [Book] 社会的認知の発達と進化.京都大学霊長類研究所(編)、霊長類進化の科学 (2007)
  • Author(s): 友永 雅己
  • Total Pages: 510
  • Publisher: 京都大学学術出版会
• [Book] 分類能力の進化.京都大学霊長類研究所(編)、霊長類進化の科学 (2007)
  • Author(s): 田中 正之
  • Total Pages: 510
  • Publisher: 京都大学学術出版会
• [Book] ヒトとチンパンジーの認知発達.京都大学霊長類研究所(編)、霊長類進化の科学 (2007)
  • Author(s): 松沢 哲郎
  • Total Pages: 510
  • Publisher: 京都大学学術出版会
• [Book] 物の操作と道具使用の発達.京都大学霊長類研究所(編), 霊長類進化の科学 (2007)
  • Author(s): 林 美里
  • Total Pages: 510
  • Publisher: 京都大学学術出版会
• [Book] Cognitive Development in Chimpanzees (2006)
  • Author(s): Matsuzawa, T., Tomonaga, M., Tanaka, M.(編・著)
  • Total Pages: 548
  • Publisher: Springer-Verlag Tokyo