| Budget Amount *help |
¥2,800,000 (Direct Cost: ¥2,800,000)
Fiscal Year 2005: ¥1,100,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,100,000)
Fiscal Year 2004: ¥1,700,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,700,000)
|
|---|
| Research Abstract |
In vis-a-vis interaction, the main part of which is dialogue, become apparent everywhere, various types of "social organizations" to reflect the dominant cultural characteristics formed and accumulated through the history of a linguistic community. Among these social organizations, this study will focus on the following subjects : "turn-taking", "linguistic politeness", that is closely associated with "face", "signals from listeners", and the "patterns of arguments" typically demonstrated in self-assertion to describe and explicate differences between German and Japanese native speakers including their nonverbal behavior. The central point of study is to explicate and describe in what linguistic patterns these social organizations and the patterns of an argument are expressed in both linguistic communities, and what importance is perceived on them in these societies.
In the framework of "linguistic politeness", a native Japanese speaker more frequently sends signals as a listener, which
… More
can be considered as impolite against the rule for "turn-taking." In contrast, when asked some questions, native German speakers use a strategy of "negative politeness" to rephrase the question a number of times to make it easy for them to respond.
In political discussions, it seems to be general in Germany to have the pros and cons on the point at issue argue frontally. Whereas in discussions in Japan, there appears to be a tendency to avoid opinions to debate directly on important subjects.
Regarding the patterns of arguments, more than about 90 percent of native German speakers state conclusions at the beginning before they give demonstrative explanations leading to the conclusions. In Japanese political discussions, this pattern of argument occurred in almost 60 percent of all speeches while almost 36 percent took the reverse pattern, stating explanations first and conclusions at the end. As for nonverbal communication behavior, it is frequently observed that Japanese statesmen send listeners' signals by nodding. In Germany, listeners generally just listen to the speaker while watching his/her eyes. Less
|
