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Research on Marangoni convection in relevance to microscale and microgravity applications

Research Project

Project/Area Number 17360101
Research Category

Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)

Allocation TypeSingle-year Grants
Section一般
Research Field Thermal engineering
Research InstitutionTokyo University of Science, Suwa (2008)
Tokyo University of Science (2005-2007)

Principal Investigator

KAWAMURA Hiroshi  Tokyo University of Science, Suwa, システム工学部, 教授 (80204783)

Co-Investigator(Kenkyū-buntansha) UENO Ichiro  東京理科大学, 理工学部, 講師 (40318209)
IWAMOTO Kaoru  東京農工大学, 共生科学技術研究院, 准教授 (50408712)
Project Period (FY) 2005 – 2008
Project Status Completed (Fiscal Year 2008)
Budget Amount *help
¥16,450,000 (Direct Cost: ¥15,400,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,050,000)
Fiscal Year 2008: ¥1,690,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,300,000、Indirect Cost: ¥390,000)
Fiscal Year 2007: ¥2,860,000 (Direct Cost: ¥2,200,000、Indirect Cost: ¥660,000)
Fiscal Year 2006: ¥4,000,000 (Direct Cost: ¥4,000,000)
Fiscal Year 2005: ¥7,900,000 (Direct Cost: ¥7,900,000)
Keywords表面張力 / マランゴニ対流 / マイクログラビティ / マイクロ液滴 / 国際宇宙ステーション / 日本実験棟きぼう / 熱工学 / マイクロ・ナノデバイス / 微小重力
Research Abstract

マランゴニ対流は,液体表面において温度差や濃度差によって表面張力の分布が発生した場合に生起する対流であり,マイクロスケールやマイクログラビティにおいて,顕在化する.本研究では,液柱内のマランゴニ対流が振動的になる条件やマイクロ液滴の形成等について,実験と解析の双方から新たな成果を得た.また,宇宙ステーションの日本実験棟「きぼう」における最初の科学実験としてマイクログラビティ実験を実施し,地上では形成できない大きな液柱の形成に成功し,振動流遷移条件等を求めることができた.

Report

(5 results)
  • 2008 Annual Research Report   Final Research Report ( PDF )
  • 2007 Annual Research Report
  • 2006 Annual Research Report
  • 2005 Annual Research Report
  • Research Products

    (69 results)

All 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 Other

All Journal Article (44 results) (of which Peer Reviewed: 12 results) Presentation (12 results) Book (2 results) Remarks (9 results) Patent(Industrial Property Rights) (2 results)

  • [Journal Article] マランゴニ効果を用いたナノリットル液滴の体積制御2008

    • Author(s)
      植村 豪,河村 洋
    • Journal Title

      Thermal Science & Engineering Vol.16No.2

      Pages: 63-70

    • NAID

      10021063937

    • Related Report
      2008 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] マランゴニ効果を用いたナノリツトル液滴の体積制御で2008

    • Author(s)
      植村豪, 河村洋
    • Journal Title

      Thermal Science & Engineering Vol. 16 No. 2

      Pages: 63-70

    • Related Report
      2008 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] フルゾーン液柱内温度差マランゴニ対流の研究2008

    • Author(s)
      橘優貴, 河村洋
    • Journal Title

      日本伝熱シンポジウム講演論文集 Vol. I

      Pages: 149-150

    • NAID

      130004729784

    • Related Report
      2008 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] 周囲気体への熱伝達を考慮した液柱内マランゴニ対流の研究-宇宙ステーション実験のための地上予備実験(2)-2008

    • Author(s)
      高田良平, 河村洋
    • Journal Title

      日本伝熱シンポジウム講演論文集 Vol. II

      Pages: 471-472

    • NAID

      130004729550

    • Related Report
      2008 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] 液柱内温度差マランゴニ対流における液柱径の影響-宇宙ステーション実験のための地上予備実験(1)-2008

    • Author(s)
      廣川清文, 河村 洋
    • Journal Title

      日本伝熱シンポジウム講演論文集 Vol. II

      Pages: 469-470

    • NAID

      130004729549

    • Related Report
      2008 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] Nano/pico liter droplet formation by using small pindispensing2008

    • Author(s)
      Suguru Uemura, Hiroshi Kawamura
    • Journal Title

      Proceedings of the 2nd International Forum on Heat Transfer

      Pages: 87-87

    • Related Report
      2008 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Microgravity Experiment on Transition to Oscillatory Thermocapillary Flow in Liquid Bridge of High Prandtl Number Fluid onboard the ISS2008

    • Author(s)
      S. Matsumoto, Y. Kamotani, K. Nishino, H. Kawamura, M. Kawaji, M. Ohnishi, N. Imaishi, A. Koiniya, S. Yoda
    • Journal Title

      Proc. of 26th ISTS

      Pages: 6-6

    • Related Report
      2008 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Effect of Ambient Heat Loss on Thermocapillary Convec-tion in a Half-zone Liquid Bridge2008

    • Author(s)
      R. Takada, H. Kawamura
    • Journal Title

      Abstract of IMA4(The 4th International Marangoni Association Conf. )

      Pages: 43-44

    • Related Report
      2008 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] Thermocapillary effect on nano liter droplet formation2008

    • Author(s)
      S. Uemura, H. Kawamura
    • Journal Title

      Abstract of IMA4(The 4th International Marangoni Association Conf. )

      Pages: 9-9

    • Related Report
      2008 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] Effect of Volume Ratio and Diameter on Thermocapillary Convection in a Half-zone Liquid Bridge2008

    • Author(s)
      K. Hirokawa, H. Kawamura
    • Journal Title

      Abstract of IMA4(The 4th International Marangoni Association Conf. )

      Pages: 16-16

    • Related Report
      2008 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] Report on a microgravity experiment of Marangoni convection in a liquid ridge using the test facility “Kibo"on the International Space Station2008

    • Author(s)
      H. Kawamura, K. Nishino, M. Ohnishi, I. Ueno, S. Matsumoto
    • Journal Title

      Abstract of IMA4(The 4th International Marangoni Association Conf. )

      Pages: 41-42

    • Related Report
      2008 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] A Study of Thermocapillary Convection in a Full-zone Liquid Bridge2008

    • Author(s)
      Y. Tachibana, H. Kawamura
    • Journal Title

      Abstract of IMA4(The 4th International Marangoni Association Conf. )

      Pages: 57-57

    • NAID

      130004729784

    • Related Report
      2008 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] 「きぼう」における流体物理実験2008

    • Author(s)
      河村洋, 西野耕一, 大西充, 上野 一郎
    • Journal Title

      第52回宇宙科学技術連合講演会アブストラクト集

      Pages: 181-181

    • NAID

      10024594958

    • Related Report
      2008 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] 液柱内マランゴニ対流に対する周囲気体の熱伝達の影響2007

    • Author(s)
      原島正和,川目悟史,河村 洋
    • Journal Title

      Thermal Science & Engineering Vol.15 No.3

      Pages: 119-127

    • NAID

      10019725247

    • Related Report
      2008 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] 液柱内マランゴニ対流に対する周囲気体の熱伝達の影響2007

    • Author(s)
      原島正和, 川目悟史, 河村 洋
    • Journal Title

      Thermal Science & Engineering Vol.15No.3

      Pages: 119-127

    • NAID

      10019725247

    • Related Report
      2007 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] HZ液柱内温度差マランゴニ対流における動的粒子集合現象(体積比による表面温度変化の影響)2007

    • Author(s)
      安部 裕喜子, 上野 一郎, 河村 洋
    • Journal Title

      日本伝熱シンポジウム講演論文集 Vol.I

      Pages: 169-170

    • Related Report
      2007 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] マランゴニ対流による融液流動下での凝固過程の実験2007

    • Author(s)
      渡辺 隆正, 河村 洋
    • Journal Title

      日本伝熱シンポジウム講演論文集 Vol.II

      Pages: 467-468

    • Related Report
      2007 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] 高アスペクト比液柱内温度差マランゴニ対流場におけるHydrothermal Waveの研究2007

    • Author(s)
      北條 晃, 河村 洋
    • Journal Title

      日本伝熱シンポジウム講演論文集 Vol.III

      Pages: 679-680

    • Related Report
      2007 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] ナノリットル液滴形成におけるマランゴニ対流の影響2007

    • Author(s)
      植村 豪, 河村 洋
    • Journal Title

      日本伝熱シンポジウム講演論文集 Vol.III

      Pages: 681-682

    • Related Report
      2007 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] A Micropump Driven by Marangoni Effect2007

    • Author(s)
      Kenji SUGIMOTO, Kaoru IWAMOTO, Hiroshi KAWAMURA
    • Journal Title

      Proceedings of HT2007(2007 ASME-JSME Thermal Engineering Sumer Heat Transfer Conference)

    • NAID

      130000099172

    • Related Report
      2007 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Experiment of Solidification with Thermocapillary Convection in a Liquid Layer2007

    • Author(s)
      Takamasa Watanabe, Hiroshi Kawamura
    • Journal Title

      Proceedings of HT2007(2007 ASME-JSME Thermal Engineering Sumer Heat Transfer Conference)

    • Related Report
      2007 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] 凝固過程における固液界面形状に対する融液流れの影響2007

    • Author(s)
      河村洋・渡辺隆正
    • Journal Title

      日本マイクログラビティ応用学会誌 Vol.24 No.2

      Pages: 194-198

    • Related Report
      2007 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] Effect of Diameter on Thermocapillary Convection in Liquid Bridge(Preliminary Experiment for the JEM Experiment)2007

    • Author(s)
      K. Hirokawa, H. Kawamura
    • Journal Title

      ISPS2007 Abstracts JASMA

      Pages: 21-22

    • Related Report
      2007 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] Ground Investigation for Microgravity Experiment of Particle Accumulation Structure(PAS)in Thermocapillary Convection2007

    • Author(s)
      A. Hojo, H. Kawamura,
    • Journal Title

      ISPS2007 Abstracts JASMA

      Pages: 25-26

    • Related Report
      2007 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] Nano-Liter Droplet Volume Control with Thermocapillary Effect2007

    • Author(s)
      S. Uemura, H. Kawamura
    • Journal Title

      ISPS2007 Abstracts JASMA

      Pages: 172-173

    • Related Report
      2007 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] Particle Accumulation Structure in Thermocapillary Convection of High Prandtl Number(The Selection of Test Tluid for Space Experiment in JEM)2007

    • Author(s)
      R. Takada, H. Kawamura
    • Journal Title

      ISPS2007 Abstracts JASMA

      Pages: 238-239

    • Related Report
      2007 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] Dynamic Particle Accumulation Structure(PAS)due to Thermocapillary Effect in Half-Zone Liquid Bridge-Effect of the Liquid-Bridge Shape described by Volume Ratio-2007

    • Author(s)
      Y. Abe, I. Ueno, H. Kawamura
    • Journal Title

      ISPS2007 Abstracts JASMA

      Pages: 252-253

    • Related Report
      2007 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] マランゴニ効果を利用した2液マイクロミキシングの研究2007

    • Author(s)
      杉本 賢司, 河村 洋
    • Journal Title

      熱工学コンファレンス講演論文集 No.07-5

      Pages: 139-140

    • Related Report
      2007 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] Influence of thermocapillary convection on solid-liquid interface2006

    • Author(s)
      K. Matsunaga, H. Kawamura
    • Journal Title

      Fluid Dynamics Materials Processing Vol. 2 No. 1

      Pages: 59-64

    • Related Report
      2008 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] 液柱内温度差マランゴニ対流の振動流に対する全周加熱制御2006

    • Author(s)
      工藤正樹,河村 洋
    • Journal Title

      Thermal Science & Engineering Vol. 14 No. 2

      Pages: 19-25

    • NAID

      10017392152

    • Related Report
      2008 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Flow structure and dynamic particle accumulation in thermocapillary convection in a liquid bridge2006

    • Author(s)
      S. Tanaka, H. kawamura, I..Ueno, D.Schwabe
    • Journal Title

      Physics of Fluids 18 067103

      Pages: 11-11

    • Related Report
      2008 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Influence of thermocapillary convection on solid-liquid interface2006

    • Author(s)
      K.Matusnaga, H.Kawamura
    • Journal Title

      Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing Vol. 2 No. 1

      Pages: 59-64

    • Related Report
      2006 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] 液柱内温度差マランゴニ対流の振動流に対する全周加熱制御2006

    • Author(s)
      工藤正樹, 河村 洋
    • Journal Title

      Thermal Science & Engineering Vol. 14 No. 2

      Pages: 19-25

    • NAID

      10017392152

    • Related Report
      2006 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] Flow structure and dynamic particle accumulation in thermocapillary convection in a liquid bridge2006

    • Author(s)
      S.Tanaka, H.Kawamura, I.Ueno, D.Schwabe
    • Journal Title

      Physics of Fluids

    • Related Report
      2006 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] Picoliter droplet formation using a thin fiber2006

    • Author(s)
      S.Uemura, J.S j odahl, M.Stjernstrom, H.Kawamura, G.Amberg, J.Roeraade
    • Journal Title

      Proc. of Euromech Fluid Mechanics Conference - 6

      Pages: 305-305

    • Related Report
      2006 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] 液柱内マランゴニ対流に対する周囲気体の熱伝達の影響2006

    • Author(s)
      原島 正和, 川目 悟史, 河村 洋
    • Journal Title

      日本伝熱シンポジウム講演論文集 Vol. 1

      Pages: 115-116

    • NAID

      10019725247

    • Related Report
      2006 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] フルゾーン液柱内温度差マランゴニ対流における振動流遷移とモード構造2006

    • Author(s)
      梅津 紘一, 工藤 正樹, 河村 洋
    • Journal Title

      日本伝熱シンポジウム講演論文集 Vol. 1

      Pages: 113-114

    • Related Report
      2006 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] Experimt on multide feedback control of nonlinear thermocapillary convection in half-zone liquid bridge2005

    • Author(s)
      M. Kudo, J. Shiomi, I. Ueno, G. Amberg, H. kawamura
    • Journal Title

      Advances in space research 36巻

      Pages: 57-63

    • Related Report
      2008 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Experiment of Particle Accumulation Structure in Thermocapillary Convection of Liquid Bridge2005

    • Author(s)
      Y.Sasaki
    • Journal Title

      ExHFT-6講演論文集

      Pages: 482-483

    • Related Report
      2005 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] 動的表面変形および熱損失を考慮した液柱内マランゴニ対流の数値解析2005

    • Author(s)
      香坂 幸史
    • Journal Title

      日本伝熱シンポジウム講演論文集 III

      Pages: 711-712

    • Related Report
      2005 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] 液柱内マランゴニ対流場における粒子集合現象の数値解析2005

    • Author(s)
      世木 智博
    • Journal Title

      熱工学コンファレンス講演論文集 05-17

      Pages: 169-170

    • Related Report
      2005 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] 表面変形および熱損失を考慮した液柱内マランゴニ対流の数値解析2005

    • Author(s)
      香坂 幸史
    • Journal Title

      第19回数値流体力学シンポジウム講演要旨集

      Pages: 244-244

    • Related Report
      2005 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] Numerical Simulation of Particle Behavior in Oscillatory Thermocapillary Convection of a Half Zone Liquid Bridge2005

    • Author(s)
      T.Seki
    • Journal Title

      Sixth Japan/China Workshop on Microgravity Sciences

      Pages: 41-42

    • Related Report
      2005 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] Particle Accumulation Structure in Thermocapillary Convection of Small Liquid Bridge2005

    • Author(s)
      Y.Sasaki
    • Journal Title

      Sixth Japan/China Workshop on Microgravity Sciences

      Pages: 44-45

    • Related Report
      2005 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 宇宙ステーション実験棟「きぼう」における科学実験の開始2009

    • Author(s)
      河村 洋
    • Place of Presentation
      東北大学
    • Year and Date
      2009-03-12
    • Related Report
      2008 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 「きぼう」での流体物理実験 -マランゴニ対流におけるカオス・乱流とその遷移過程2009

    • Author(s)
      河村 洋,西野耕一,大西 充,上野一郎
    • Organizer
      第25回宇宙利用シンポジウム
    • Place of Presentation
      宇宙航空研究開発機構・相模原キャンパス
    • Year and Date
      2009-01-14
    • Related Report
      2008 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] 「きぼう」での流体物理実験 -マランゴニ対流におけるカオス・乱流とその遷移過程-2009

    • Author(s)
      河村洋, 西野耕一, 大西充, 上野一郎
    • Organizer
      宇宙利用シンポジウム(第25回)
    • Place of Presentation
      宇宙航空研究開発機構・相模原キャンパス
    • Year and Date
      2009-01-14
    • Related Report
      2008 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 宇宙ステーション実験棟「きぼう」におけるマランゴニ対流実験2008

    • Author(s)
      河村 洋
    • Organizer
      JASMAC-23
    • Place of Presentation
      京大
    • Year and Date
      2008-11-25
    • Related Report
      2008 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 国際宇宙ステーションで行う流体物理実験に向けて2008

    • Author(s)
      廣川清文, 高田良平, 橘優貴, 河村洋, 西野耕一, 大西充, 上野一郎, 松本聡
    • Organizer
      計算科学フロンティアフォーラム
    • Place of Presentation
      東京ガーデンパレス(お茶の水)
    • Year and Date
      2008-09-09
    • Related Report
      2008 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Report on a microgravity experiment of Marangoni convectionn a liquibridusing the test facility "Kibo" on the International Space Station Proc.2008

    • Author(s)
      H.Kawamura, K.Nishino, M.Ohnishi I.Ueno, S.Matsumoto
    • Organizer
      IMA4(The 4th International Marangoni Associetion Conf.)
    • Place of Presentation
      Noda,Japan
    • Related Report
      2008 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] Effect of Volume Ratio and Diameter on Thermocapillary Convection in a Half-zone Liquid Bridge Proc.2008

    • Author(s)
      K. Hirokawa, H. Kawamura
    • Organizer
      IMA4(The 4th Inter- national Marangoni Association Conf.)
    • Place of Presentation
      Noda,Japan
    • Related Report
      2008 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] 液柱内温度差マランゴニ対流における液柱径の対流場に及ぼす影響(国際宇宙ステーションで行う流体物理実験)2008

    • Author(s)
      廣川 清文, 河村 洋
    • Organizer
      TASMAC-23
    • Place of Presentation
      京大
    • Related Report
      2008 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 凝固過程における固液界面形態に対するマランゴニ対流の影響2007

    • Author(s)
      渡辺 隆正, 河村 洋
    • Organizer
      日本流体力学会年会2007
    • Place of Presentation
      東京大学
    • Year and Date
      2007-08-06
    • Related Report
      2007 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Ground investigation for microgravity experiment of particle accumulation structure(pas)in a half-zone liquid bridge.2007

    • Author(s)
      Akira Hojo and Hiroshi Kawamura
    • Organizer
      International Congress EXPERIMENTS IN SPACE AND BEYOND
    • Place of Presentation
      Brussels, ULB
    • Year and Date
      2007-04-12
    • Related Report
      2007 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Effect of Diameter on Thermocapillary Convection in Liquid Bridge (Preliminary Experiment for the JEM Experiment)2007

    • Author(s)
      K. Hirokawa, H. Kawamura
    • Organizer
      International Congress EXPERIMENTS IN SPACE AND BEYOND
    • Place of Presentation
      Brussels, ULB
    • Year and Date
      2007-04-12
    • Related Report
      2007 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] A Micropump Drven by Maangoi Effect, Proceedings2007

    • Author(s)
      Kenji SUGIMOTO,Kaoru IWAMOTO,Hiroshi KAWAMURA
    • Organizer
      2007 ASME-JSME Thermal Engineering Summer Heat Transfer Conference
    • Related Report
      2008 Final Research Report
  • [Book] Review on thermocapillary convection in a half-zone liquid bridge wirh high Pr fluids,in Surface Tension-Driven Flows and Applications2006

    • Author(s)
      H. Kawamura, I. Ueno
    • Publisher
      Research Signpost
    • Related Report
      2008 Final Research Report
  • [Book] Surface Tension-Driven Flows and Applications 20062006

    • Author(s)
      H.Kawamura, I.Ueno
    • Publisher
      Research Signpost
    • Related Report
      2006 Annual Research Report
  • [Remarks] NHKニュースPM12:00~(2008/08/22)

    • Related Report
      2008 Final Research Report
  • [Remarks] 朝日新聞夕刊、毎日新聞夕刊、東京新聞夕刊、日本経済新聞夕刊(2008/8/22),読売新聞朝刊(2008/8/23)「きぼう」で初の科学実験始まる,他

    • Related Report
      2008 Final Research Report
  • [Remarks] 産経新聞朝刊(2008/8/25)「きぼう」で科学実験開始 計画大きな節目

    • Related Report
      2008 Final Research Report
  • [Remarks] 読売新聞(2008/8/31)「サイエンス学び」日本の宇宙実験 幕開け 「きぼう」マランゴニ対流を検証

    • Related Report
      2008 Final Research Report
  • [Remarks] 朝日新聞朝刊(2008/9/8)「探求人」欄「きぼう」初の科学実験を指揮

    • Related Report
      2008 Final Research Report
  • [Remarks] 日経産業新聞(2008/10/6)液体の柱,最長6センチ

    • Related Report
      2008 Final Research Report
  • [Remarks] 日経サイエンス 2008年12月号 TREND宇宙ステーションで始まった日本の実験 ホームページ

    • URL

      http://murasun.me.noda.tus.ac.jp/

    • Related Report
      2008 Final Research Report
  • [Remarks]

    • URL

      http://murasun.me.noda.tus.ac.jp/

    • Related Report
      2008 Annual Research Report
  • [Remarks]

    • URL

      http://murasun.me.noda.tus.ac.jp/

    • Related Report
      2007 Annual Research Report
  • [Patent(Industrial Property Rights)] 温度差マランゴニ効果を利用したマイクロポンプ2007

    • Inventor(s)
      河村 洋,杉本賢司
    • Industrial Property Rights Holder
      東京理科大学
    • Industrial Property Number
      2007-065447
    • Filing Date
      2007-03-14
    • Related Report
      2008 Final Research Report
  • [Patent(Industrial Property Rights)] 結晶化方法および結晶化装置2006

    • Inventor(s)
      河村 洋, 工藤正樹
    • Industrial Property Rights Holder
      東京理科大学
    • Industrial Property Number
      2006-059808
    • Filing Date
      2006-03-06
    • Related Report
      2006 Annual Research Report

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Published: 2005-04-01   Modified: 2016-04-21  

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