| Budget Amount *help |
¥3,140,000 (Direct Cost: ¥2,900,000、Indirect Cost: ¥240,000)
Fiscal Year 2007: ¥1,040,000 (Direct Cost: ¥800,000、Indirect Cost: ¥240,000)
Fiscal Year 2006: ¥1,000,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,000,000)
Fiscal Year 2005: ¥1,100,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,100,000)
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| Research Abstract |
In this research, what do sustainable patterns of production and consumption mean was first investigated. It was found that technology and life style are key to achieve them and controlling consumption was regarded as more important.
Then, the real situation of pollution control agreements was investigated analyzing the results of questionnaire surveys conducted by the earlier by the author. Pollution control agreement(PCA) is a Japanese experience of voluntary approaches, which are the third policy instruments after direct regulation and economic instruments. It is found that traditional industrial pollution problems were, to significant extent, controlled by PCAs, and that the main strong points of PCAs are the ability to gain residents understanding of new locations and operations of business, the flexibility to adapt regulation to the financial conditions of businesses, and that they stem from their individuality of negotiation, conclusion, and implementation.
Thirdly, effectiveness
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to improve the environmental quality of voluntary approaches was investigated theoretically. It is concluded that individual voluntary instruments are effective when the cost of additional measures is smaller than the subjectively expected value of measures under alternative policy instruments introduced because regulatees fail to take measures under voluntary instruments. Meanwhile, collective voluntary approaches need more demanding conditions to be effective. Therefore, voluntary approaches tend to be more effective when applied individually as in the case of PCAs in Japan.
Finally, the Ethics to overcome environmental pollution and disruption was investigated. This concerns policy goals of sustainable society It is found that we need logics of fairness and justice in order to overcome environmental pollution and disruption and that, to the contrary to what usually assumed by economists, the institutionally endorsed initial distribution, which is to be analyzed, has been distorted by past unfair and injustice activities and so the consequence is neither fair nor just It is argued that we can improve the situation by applying ethics retrospectively.
The international comparison of policies of different countries could no be done because of insufficient time. Less
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