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Research of high efficiency transducer by ultrasonic motor principle

Research Project

Project/Area Number 17560214
Research Category

Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)

Allocation TypeSingle-year Grants
Section一般
Research Field Dynamics/Control
Research InstitutionShibaura Institute of Technology

Principal Investigator

OHGA Juro  Shibaura Institute of Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Professor (30327754)

Co-Investigator(Kenkyū-buntansha) WATANABE Yuko  Tokyo Denki University, Faculty of Informations and Environment, Teacher (20287444)
HAMADA Hareo  Tokyo Denki University, Graduate School for Informations and Environment, Professor (00164913)
Project Period (FY) 2005 – 2007
Project Status Completed (Fiscal Year 2007)
Budget Amount *help
¥3,540,000 (Direct Cost: ¥3,300,000、Indirect Cost: ¥240,000)
Fiscal Year 2007: ¥1,040,000 (Direct Cost: ¥800,000、Indirect Cost: ¥240,000)
Fiscal Year 2006: ¥800,000 (Direct Cost: ¥800,000)
Fiscal Year 2005: ¥1,700,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,700,000)
Keywordsloudspeaker / ultrasonic motor / velocity modulation / inertia ring / paper cone / digital modulation / ディジタル駆動 / 気流変調
Research Abstract

The piezoelectric ultrasonic motor is characterized by very high mechanical impedance due to the mechanical contact of rotor and stator. It shows no idle run.
The application of loudspeakers for audio signals are growing to be broad. The requirements for, especially, very low frequency range radiation cannot be met by conventional electro-dynamic transducer principles.
This research work relates to the application of ultrasonic motors for driver of direct-radiator loudspeakers for less than 1 kHz, by construction of small, efficient and highly controllable modulator-type transducers. After a few experiments and analysis by preliminary models, use of continuous revolution of the motor, modulated by audio signals, are known to be useful. The advanced model by using too co-axle ultrasonic motors showed practical performances.

Report

(4 results)
  • 2007 Annual Research Report   Final Research Report Summary
  • 2006 Annual Research Report
  • 2005 Annual Research Report
  • Research Products

    (54 results)

All 2008 2007 2006 2005

All Journal Article (32 results) (of which Peer Reviewed: 9 results) Presentation (22 results)

  • [Journal Article] Direct radiator loudspeaker by continuous revolution of ultrasonic motor2007

    • Author(s)
      Y.Ohnuma, Y.Iwaki, J.Ohga, H.Negishi, T.Sashida, K.Maeda
    • Journal Title

      Proc.AES 13th Regional Convention, Tokyo 0015(CD-ROM)

    • NAID

      110006291573

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      2007 Final Research Report Summary
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Direct radiator loudspeaker by continuous revolution of ultrasonic motor2007

    • Author(s)
      Y.Ohnuma, Y.Iwaki, J.Ohga, H.Negishi, T.Sashida, K.Maeda
    • Journal Title

      Proc.ICA 2007 ELE-01-012(CD-ROM)

    • NAID

      110006291573

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      2007 Final Research Report Summary
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] 超音波モータの連続回転を用いた直接放射スピーカ2007

    • Author(s)
      大沼 悠太, 岩城 雄亮, 大賀 寿郎, 根岸 廣和, 指田 年生, 前田 和昭
    • Journal Title

      電子情報通信学会技術報告 EA2007-24

      Pages: 39-44

    • NAID

      110006291573

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      2007 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Journal Article] Direct radiator loudspeaker by continuous revolution of ultrasonic motor2007

    • Author(s)
      Y., Ohnuma, Y., Iwaki, J., Ohga, H., Negishi, T., Sashida, K., Maeda
    • Journal Title

      Proc. AES 13th Regional Convention, Tokyo 0015

    • NAID

      110006291573

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      2007 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Journal Article] Direct radiator loudspeaker by continuous revolution of ultrasonic motor2007

    • Author(s)
      Y., Ohnuma, Y., Iwaki, J., Ohga, H., Negishi, T., Sashida, K., Maeda
    • Journal Title

      Proc. ICA 2007 ELE-01-012

    • NAID

      110006291573

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      2007 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Journal Article] Direct radiator loudspeaker by continuous revolution of ultrasonic motor2007

    • Author(s)
      Y., Ohnuma, Y., Iwaki, J., Ohga, H., Negishi, T., Sashida, K., Maeda
    • Journal Title

      Technical Report , IEICE [in Japanese] EA2007-24

    • NAID

      110006291573

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      2007 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Journal Article] Direct radiator loudspeaker by continuous revolution of ultrasonic motor2007

    • Author(s)
      Y. Ohnuma, Y. Iwaki, J. Ohga, H. Negishi, T. Sashida, K. Maeda
    • Journal Title

      Proc.AES 13th Regional Convention, Tokyo 0015

    • NAID

      110006291573

    • Related Report
      2007 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Direct radiator loudspeaker by continuous revolution of ultrasonic motor2007

    • Author(s)
      Y. Ohnuma, Y. lwaki, J. Ohga, H. Negishi, T. Sashida, K. Maeda
    • Journal Title

      Proc.ICA 2007 ELE-01-012

    • NAID

      110006291573

    • Related Report
      2007 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] 超音波モータの連続回転を用いた直接放射スピーカ2007

    • Author(s)
      大沼 悠太、岩城 雄亮、大賀 寿郎、根岸 廣和、指田 年生、前田 和昭
    • Journal Title

      電子情報通信学会技術報告 EA2007-24

    • NAID

      110006291573

    • Related Report
      2007 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] 超音波モータスピーカの消費電力対音声出力 その1 : 連続回転直接放射形2007

    • Author(s)
      根岸廣和, 矢内隆広, 大沼悠太, 岩城雄良, 大賀寿郎, 坂根英成, 栗栖清浩
    • Journal Title

      日本音響学会春季講演会論文集 1-1-27

    • Related Report
      2006 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] 超音波モータの連続回転を用いたスピーカの特性について2007

    • Author(s)
      大沼悠太, 岩城雄亮, 矢内隆広, 大賀寿郎, 根岸廣和, 前田和昭
    • Journal Title

      日本音響学会春季講演会論文集 3-Q-4

    • Related Report
      2006 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] Improved Model of Loudspeaker using Continuous Revolution of Ultrasonic Motor2006

    • Author(s)
      Yusuke Iwaki, Yuta Onuma, Juro Ohga, Hirokazu Negishi, Kazuaki Maeda
    • Journal Title

      Proc.AES 120th Convention 6838(CD-ROM)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      2007 Final Research Report Summary
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] A multidimentional overview for ultrasonic motor driven loudspeaker development2006

    • Author(s)
      Hirokazu Negishi, Juro Ohga
    • Journal Title

      4th Joint Meeting of ASA and ASJ 2pEA5(CD-ROM)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      2007 Final Research Report Summary
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Loudspeaker using continuous revolution of a piezoelectric ultrasonic motor2006

    • Author(s)
      Yuta Ohnuma, Yusuke Iwaki, Juro Ohga, Hirokazu Negishi
    • Journal Title

      4th Joint Meeting of ASA and ASJ 2pEA6(CD-ROM)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      2007 Final Research Report Summary
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Expansion of frequency range for piezoelectric loudspeakers by new transducer construction2006

    • Author(s)
      Juro Ohga
    • Journal Title

      4th Joint Meeting of ASA and ASJ 4pEA5(CD-ROM)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      2007 Final Research Report Summary
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Improved Model of Loudspeaker using Continuous Revolution of Ultrasonic Motor2006

    • Author(s)
      Yusuke, Iwaki, Yuta, Onuma, Juro, Ohga, Hirokazu, Negishi, Kazuaki, Maeda
    • Journal Title

      Proc. AES 120th Convention 6838

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      2007 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Journal Article] A multidimentional overview for ultrasonic motor driven loudspeaker development2006

    • Author(s)
      Hirokazu, Negishi, Juro, Ohga
    • Journal Title

      4th Joint Meeting of ASA and ASJ 2pEA5

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      2007 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Journal Article] Loudspeaker using continuous revolution of a piezoelectric ultrasonic motor2006

    • Author(s)
      Yuta, Ohnuma, Yusuke, Iwaki, Juro, Ohga, Hirokazu, Negishi
    • Journal Title

      4th Joint Meeting of ASA and ASJ 2pEA6

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      2007 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Journal Article] Expansion of frequency range for piezoelectric loudspeakers by new transducer construction2006

    • Author(s)
      Juro, Ohga
    • Journal Title

      4th Joint Meeting of ASA and ASJ 4pEA5

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      2007 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Journal Article] Improved Model of Loudspeaker using Continuous Revolution of Ultrasonic Motor2006

    • Author(s)
      Yusuke Iwaki, Yuta Onuma, Juro Ohga, Hirokazu Negishi, Kazuaki Maeda
    • Journal Title

      Proc.AES 120th convention 6838

    • Related Report
      2006 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] A multidimentional overview for ultrasonic motor driven loudspeaker development2006

    • Author(s)
      Hirokazu Negishi, Juro Ohga
    • Journal Title

      4th Joint Meeting of ASA and ASJ 2pEA5

    • Related Report
      2006 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] Loudspeaker using continuous revolution of a piezoelectric ultrasonic2006

    • Author(s)
      Yuta Ohnuma, Yusuke Imai, Juro Ohga, Hirokazu Negishi
    • Journal Title

      4th Joint Meeting of ASA and ASJ 2pEA6

    • Related Report
      2006 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] Expansion of frequency range for piezoelectric loudspeakers by new transducer construction2006

    • Author(s)
      Juro Ohga
    • Journal Title

      4th Joint meeting of ASA and ASJ 4pEA5

    • Related Report
      2006 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] 超音波モータの連続回転を用いた直接放射形スピーカ2006

    • Author(s)
      岩城雄亮, 大沼悠太, 大賀寿郎, 根岸廣和, 前田利和
    • Journal Title

      日本音響学会春季講演会論文集 2-5-19

    • Related Report
      2005 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] 発音体にシロッコファンを用いた超音波モータスピーカの性能評価2006

    • Author(s)
      須田健之, 根岸廣和, 大賀寿郎, 久保田一
    • Journal Title

      日本音響学会春季講演会論文集 2-5-20

    • Related Report
      2005 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] A Proposal for Low Frequency Loudspeaker Design Utilizing Ultrasonic Motor2005

    • Author(s)
      Juro OHGA, Hirokazu NEGISHI, Ikuo OOHIRA
    • Journal Title

      Proc.AES 119th Convention 6574(CD-ROM)

    • NAID

      10018038251

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      2007 Final Research Report Summary
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] 超音波モータを用いた連続回転形スピーカ2005

    • Author(s)
      大賀 寿郎, 根岸 廣和
    • Journal Title

      超音波TECHNO 17.6

      Pages: 43-47

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      2007 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Journal Article] A Proposal for Low Frequency Loudspeaker Design Utilizing Ultrasonic Motor2005

    • Author(s)
      Juro, OHGA, Hirokazu, NEGISHI, Ikuo, OOHIRA
    • Journal Title

      Proc. AES 119th Convention 6574

    • NAID

      10018038251

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      2007 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Journal Article] Loudspeaker by continuous revolution of ultrasonic motor2005

    • Author(s)
      Juro, OHGA, Hirokazu, NEGISHI
    • Journal Title

      ULTRASONIC TECHNO[in Japanese] 17, 6

      Pages: 43-45

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      2007 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Journal Article] A Proposal for Low Frequency Loudspeaker Design Utilizing Ultrasonic Motor2005

    • Author(s)
      Juro OHGA, Hirokazu NEGISHI, Ikuo OOHIRA
    • Journal Title

      Proc.AES 119th Convention 6574

    • NAID

      10018038251

    • Related Report
      2005 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] 超音波モータを用いた連続回転形スピーカ2005

    • Author(s)
      大賀寿郎, 根岸廣和
    • Journal Title

      超音波TECHNO 17.6

      Pages: 43-47

    • Related Report
      2005 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] 超音波モータを用いた直接放射形スピーカの構成法2005

    • Author(s)
      大賀寿郎, 根岸廣和, 指田年生
    • Journal Title

      日本音響学会秋季講演会論文集 1-2-25

    • Related Report
      2005 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 超音波モータの連続回転を用いた直接放射型スピーカの構造の改良2008

    • Author(s)
      大沼 悠太、坂部 喬、松村 高英、大賀 壽郎(芝浦工大)、根岸 廣和(エセックス大)、前田 和昭(TOA)
    • Organizer
      音響学会春季研究発表会(3-P-1)
    • Place of Presentation
      千葉工業大学
    • Year and Date
      2008-03-19
    • Related Report
      2007 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 超音波モータスピーカシステムにおける駆動部構造の比較検討2008

    • Author(s)
      千葉 俊輔、久保 田一(千葉工大)、大沼 悠太、大賀 寿郎(芝浦工大)、根岸 廣和(エセックス大)、大平 郁夫(アシダ音響)、前田 和昭、松本 泰、栗栖 清浩(TOA)、指田 年生(新生工業)
    • Organizer
      音響学会春季研究発表会(1-6-14)
    • Place of Presentation
      千葉工業大学
    • Year and Date
      2008-03-17
    • Related Report
      2007 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 超音波モータスピーカシステムの最大音圧の検証2008

    • Author(s)
      東田 啓吾、村上 翔(千葉工大)、栗栖 清浩(TOA)、大賀 寿郎(芝浦工大)、大平 郁夫(アシダ音響}、久保 田一(千葉工大)、根岸 廣和(エセックス大)
    • Organizer
      音響学会春季研究発表会(1-6-15)
    • Place of Presentation
      千葉工業大学
    • Year and Date
      2008-03-17
    • Related Report
      2007 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 超音波モータスピーカシステムにおける駆動・変調方式による性能比較2008

    • Author(s)
      増田 裕輔(千葉工大)、大沼 悠太、大賀 寿郎(芝浦工大)、前田 和昭、栗栖 清浩、松本 泰、末次 利光(TOA)、指田 年生(新生工業)、根岸 廣和(エセックス大)、久保 田一(千葉工大)
    • Organizer
      音響学会春季研究発表会(1-6-16)
    • Place of Presentation
      千葉工業大学
    • Year and Date
      2008-03-17
    • Related Report
      2007 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 超音波モータスピーカシステムにおける駆動部構造の比較検討2008

    • Author(s)
      千葉 俊輔, 久保田 一(千葉工大), 大沼 悠太, 大賀 寿郎(芝浦工大), 根岸 廣和(エセックス大), 大平 郁夫(アシダ音響), 前田 和昭, 松本 泰, 栗栖 清浩(TOA), 指田 年生(新生工業)
    • Organizer
      音響学会春季研究発表会論文集 1-6-14
    • Place of Presentation
      千葉工業大学
    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      2007 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Presentation] 超音波モータスピーカシステムの最大音圧の検証2008

    • Author(s)
      東田 啓吾, 村上 翔(千葉工大), 栗栖 清浩(TOA), 大賀 寿郎(芝浦工大), 大平 郁夫(アシダ音響), 久保田 一(千葉工大), 根岸 廣和(エセックス大)
    • Organizer
      日本音響学会春季講演会論文集 1-6-15
    • Place of Presentation
      千葉工業大学
    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      2007 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Presentation] 超音波モータスピーカシステムにおける駆動、変調方式による性能比較2008

    • Author(s)
      増田 裕輔(千葉工大), 大沼 悠太, 大賀 寿郎(芝浦工大), 前田 称昭, 栗栖 清浩, 松本 泰, 末次 利光(TOA), 指田 年生(新生工業), 根岸 廣和(エセックス大), 久保田 一(千葉工大)
    • Organizer
      日本音響学会春季講演会論文集 1-6-16
    • Place of Presentation
      千葉工業大学
    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      2007 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Presentation] 超音波モータの連続回転を用いた直接放射型スピーカの構造の改良2008

    • Author(s)
      大沼 悠太, 坂部 喬, 松村 高英, 大賀 壽郎(芝浦工大), 根岸 廣和(エセックス大), 前田 和昭(TOA)
    • Organizer
      日本音響学会春季講演会論文集 3-P-1
    • Place of Presentation
      千葉工業大学
    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      2007 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Presentation] 「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より2008

    • Author(s)
      S., Chiba, H., Kubota, Y., Ohnuma, J., Ohga, H., Negishi, I., Oohira, K., Maeda, T., Matsumoto, K., Kurisu, T., Sashida
    • Organizer
      ASJ Spring Conference
    • Related Report
      2007 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Presentation] Examination of maximum output sound pressure of loudspeakersystem by ultrasonic motor2008

    • Author(s)
      K., Higashida, S., Murakami, K., Kurisu, J., Ohga, I., Oohira, H., Kubota H., Negoshi
    • Organizer
      ASJ Spring Conference
    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      2007 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Presentation] Comparison of peaformance by driving and modulation methods of Loudspeaker systems by ultrasonic motor2008

    • Author(s)
      Y., Masuda, Y., Ohnuma, J., Ohga, K., Maeda, K., Kurisu, T., Matsumoto, T., Suetugu, T., Sashida, H., Negoshi, H., Kubota
    • Organizer
      ASJ Spring Conference
    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      2007 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Presentation] Improvement of construction of direct radiator loudspeaker by continuous revolution of ultrasonic motor2008

    • Author(s)
      Y., Onuma, T., Sakabe, T., Matsumura, J., Ohga, H., Negishi, K., Maeda
    • Organizer
      ASJ Spring Conference
    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      2007 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Presentation] 超音波モータスピーカの消費電力対音声出力その1:連続回転直接放射形2007

    • Author(s)
      根岸 廣和, 矢内 隆広, 大沼 悠太, 岩城 雄亮, 大賀 寿郎, 坂根 英成, 栗栖 清浩
    • Organizer
      日本音響学会春季講演会論文集 1-1-27
    • Place of Presentation
      芝浦工業大学
    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      2007 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Presentation] 超音波モータの連続回転を用いたスピーカの特性について2007

    • Author(s)
      大沼 悠太, 岩城 雄亮, 矢内 隆広, 大賀 寿郎, 根岸 廣和, 前田 和昭
    • Organizer
      日本音響学会春季講演会論文集 3-Q-4
    • Place of Presentation
      芝浦工業大学
    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      2007 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Presentation] Relationship of dissipated power and acoustical output of ultrasonic-motor -loudspeaker, Pt. 1. Direct radiator type by continuous revolution2007

    • Author(s)
      H., Negishi, T., Yanai, Y., Ohnuma, Y., Iwaki, J., Ohga, H., Sakane, K., Kurisu
    • Organizer
      ASJ Spring Conference
    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      2007 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Presentation] Characteristics of loudspeaker by continuous revolution of ultrasonic motor2007

    • Author(s)
      Y., Ohnuma, Y., Iwaki, T., Yanai, J., Ohga, H., Negishi, K., Maeda
    • Organizer
      ASJ Spring Conference
    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      2007 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Presentation] 超音波モータの連続回転を用いた直接放射形スピーカ2006

    • Author(s)
      岩城 雄亮, 大沼 悠太, 大賀 寿郎, 根岸 廣和, 前田 利和
    • Organizer
      日本音響学会春季講演会論文集 2-5-20
    • Place of Presentation
      日本大学
    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      2007 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Presentation] 発音体にシロッコファンを用いた超音波モータスピーカの性能評価2006

    • Author(s)
      須田 健之, 根岸 廣和, 大賀 寿郎, 久保田 一
    • Organizer
      日本音響学会春季講演会論文集 2-5-20
    • Place of Presentation
      日本大学
    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      2007 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Presentation] Direct radiator loudspeaker by continuous revolution of ultrasonic motor2006

    • Author(s)
      Y., Iwaki, Y., Onuma, J., Ohga, H., Negishi K., Maeda
    • Organizer
      ASJ Spring Conference
    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      2007 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Presentation] Perfprmance evaluation of ultrasonic-motor-loudspeaker by rotary fun2006

    • Author(s)
      T., Suda, H., Negishi, J., Ohga, H., Kubota
    • Organizer
      ASJ Spring Conference
    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      2007 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Presentation] 超音波モータを用いた直接放射形スピーカの構成法2005

    • Author(s)
      大賀 寿郎, 根岸 廣和, 指田 年生
    • Organizer
      日本音響学会秋季講演会論文集 1-2-25
    • Place of Presentation
      東北大学
    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      2007 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Presentation] Constructiond of loudspeaker by ultrasonic motor2005

    • Author(s)
      J., Ohga, H., Negoshi, T., Sashida
    • Organizer
      ASJ Autumn Conference
    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      2007 Final Research Report Summary

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Published: 2005-04-01   Modified: 2016-04-21  

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