| Budget Amount *help |
¥4,550,000 (Direct Cost: ¥3,500,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,050,000)
Fiscal Year 2020: ¥1,040,000 (Direct Cost: ¥800,000、Indirect Cost: ¥240,000)
Fiscal Year 2019: ¥1,040,000 (Direct Cost: ¥800,000、Indirect Cost: ¥240,000)
Fiscal Year 2018: ¥1,040,000 (Direct Cost: ¥800,000、Indirect Cost: ¥240,000)
Fiscal Year 2017: ¥1,430,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,100,000、Indirect Cost: ¥330,000)
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| Outline of Final Research Achievements |
The Smithsonian's Directions for meteorological observations in the US in the latter half of the 19th century permeated in Hokkaido until the end of 1888, when the meteorological observation method was unified nationwide in Japan. This research examines how Joseph Henry, the first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, who led the Smithsonian Meteorological Project, and the American scientists hired by Hokkaido Development Commission and Sapporo Agricultural College contributed to the introduction of the direction of observations, and shows part of the process of introducing modern Western science.
The Smithsonian Meteorological Project was characterized by an extensive system of volunteer observers who kept weather journals by a common plan; they submitted their reports monthly by mail. This research also examines female observers, a topic that appears to have been neglected in previous studies.
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