| Budget Amount *help |
¥4,810,000 (Direct Cost: ¥3,700,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,110,000)
Fiscal Year 2019: ¥1,560,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,200,000、Indirect Cost: ¥360,000)
Fiscal Year 2018: ¥1,690,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,300,000、Indirect Cost: ¥390,000)
Fiscal Year 2017: ¥1,560,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,200,000、Indirect Cost: ¥360,000)
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| Outline of Final Research Achievements |
The mechanism of phenological mismatch between spring ephemeral and overwintered bumble bees was revealed based on the long-term monitoring and the snow removal experiment in a deciduous forest. Flowering onset was explained with surface thermal degree-days after snowmelt, while bee emergence was determined by soil temperature. Phenological mismatch in early spring occurred when snow melted early but subsequent soil warming progressed slowly. Seed-set success of plants was strongly related to the extent of mismatch.
In the alpine ecosystem, flowering period of snowbed communities highly varied from year to year reflecting the fluctuation of snowmelt time. However, seasonal dynamics of bees were more conservative. Mismatch occurred in early-snowmelt summer in which flowering progressed rapidly and bee populations increased after the major flowering period. In both cases, therefore, acceleration of flowering phenology more than bee phenology is a major cause of mismatch.
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