| Budget Amount *help |
¥4,030,000 (Direct Cost: ¥3,100,000、Indirect Cost: ¥930,000)
Fiscal Year 2019: ¥1,300,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,000,000、Indirect Cost: ¥300,000)
Fiscal Year 2018: ¥1,430,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,100,000、Indirect Cost: ¥330,000)
Fiscal Year 2017: ¥1,300,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,000,000、Indirect Cost: ¥300,000)
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| Outline of Final Research Achievements |
The ecosystems have threatened with reducing the natural vegetation due to population increasing and enhancing of agricultural lands in semiarid area in developing countries. In this situation, “agro-forest” which is developed inside of an agricultural land has been focused on maintaining of agro-ecosystems, increasing of agriculture production and maintaining of income sources. This study clarified the structures of agro-forest in agro-forest in some societies, southern Africa; mainly composed of marula species (Sclerocarya birrea). In addition, this study examined formation process of these types of forests and function of the forest in socio-ecosytems in rural societies in southern Africa.
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