How does rain journey through the vertical structures of tree canopy? Development of physical model using chemical analysis

• Project/Area Number: 17KK0159
• Research Category: Fund for the Promotion of Joint International Research (Fostering Joint International Research)
• Allocation Type: Multi-year Fund
• Research Field: Forest science
• Research Institution: Forest Research and Management Organization
• Principal Investigator: Nanko Kazuki 国立研究開発法人森林研究・整備機構, 森林総合研究所, 主任研究員 等 (40588951)
• Project Period (FY): 2018 – 2022
• Project Status: Completed (Fiscal Year 2022)
• Budget Amount: ¥13,260,000 (Direct Cost: ¥10,200,000、Indirect Cost: ¥3,060,000)
• Keywords: 樹冠遮断 / 樹冠通過雨 / 雨滴 / 濡れ / 撥水性 / 樹幹流 / 水同位体 / 溶存体炭素 / 林内雨 / 化学分析

Outline of Final Research Achievements

Using raindrop data observed inside and outside the forest, we established a method to separate rainfall passing through the canopy into four components: direct throughfall, splash throughfall, canopy drip from leaves, and canopy drip from the bark surface. We clarified the differences in component ratios among evergreen conifers, foliated broadleaf trees, and unfoliated broadleaf trees. Field observations in an American beech forest showed variability within rainfall events and seasonal variation in the throughfall generation process. The study determined the effects of tree species, defoliation status, branch and leaf structure, and water repellency on the process of rainfall partitioning by the canopy.

Academic Significance and Societal Importance of the Research Achievements

水循環に対する森林の影響評価に必要な樹冠による雨水分配プロセスについて、樹種、葉の有無、葉の量、葉や枝の表面の構造や撥水性が与える影響を解明した。本成果により、森林管理や樹種転換に伴う樹冠遮断損失量の変化を、仮想的に比較・予測することができるようになる。針広混交の育成複層林の造成等へ転換に対応するために、樹種による水源涵養機能の差異を評価するための基礎データとなり、森林の多面的機能に関わる様々な国の施策や社会的ニーズに合致している。

Research Products

• [Int'l Joint Research] University of Colorado, Colorado Springs(米国) (2018)
  • Year and Date: 2018-08-03
• [Int'l Joint Research] University of Delaware(米国) (2018)
• [Journal Article] Throughfall drop sizes suggest canopy flowpaths vary by phenophase (2022)
  • Author(s): Nanko Kazuki、Keim Richard F.、Hudson Sean A.、Levia Delphis F.
  • Journal Title: Journal of Hydrology Volume: 612 Pages: 128144-128144
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.128144
• [Journal Article] Vertical distribution and transport of radiocesium via branchflow and stemflow through the canopy of cedar and oak stands in the aftermath of the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant accident (2022)
  • Author(s): Saidin Zul Hilmi、Levia Delphis F.、Kato Hiroaki、Kurihara Momo、Hudson Janice E.、Nanko Kazuki、Onda Yuichi
  • Journal Title: Science of The Total Environment Volume: 818 Pages: 151698-151698
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151698
  • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] Stemflow infiltration areas into forest soils around American beech ( <scp> <i>Fagus grandifolia</i> </scp> Ehrh.) trees (2021)
  • Author(s): Llorens Pilar、Latron Jerome、Carlyle‐Moses Darryl E.、Nathe Kerstin、Chang Jeffrey L.、Nanko Kazuki、Iida Shin'ichi、Levia Delphis F.
  • Journal Title: Ecohydrology Volume: 15 Issue: 2
  • DOI: 10.1002/eco.2369
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] Rainwater dynamics on leaves and branches based on raindrop measurements (2020)
  • Author(s): 南光 一樹
  • Journal Title: Journal of the Japanese Society of Soil Physics Volume: 144 Issue: 0 Pages: 17-23
  • DOI: 10.34467/jssoilphysics.144.0_17
  • NAID: 130007931368
  • ISSN: 0387-6012, 2435-2497
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] The variability of stemflow generation in a natural beech stand (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) in relation to rainfall and tree traits (2020)
  • Author(s): Dezhban Atefeh、Attarod Pedram、Zahedi Amiri Ghavamudin、Pypker Thomas G.、Nanko Kazuki
  • Journal Title: Ecohydrology Volume: 13 Issue: 3
  • DOI: 10.1002/eco.2198
  • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] Throughfall isotopic composition in relation to drop size at the intra-event scale in a Mediterranean Scots pine stand (2020)
  • Author(s): Pinos Juan、Latron Jerome、Nanko Kazuki、Levia Delphis F.、Llorens Pilar
  • Journal Title: Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Volume: 24 Issue: 9 Pages: 4675-4690
  • DOI: 10.5194/hess-24-4675-2020
  • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] A network model for stemflow solute transport (2020)
  • Author(s): Tucker Amy、Levia Delphis F.、Katul Gabriel G.、Nanko Kazuki、Rossi Louis F.
  • Journal Title: Applied Mathematical Modelling Volume: 88 Pages: 266-282
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.apm.2020.06.047
  • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] Homogenization of the terrestrial water cycle (2020)
  • Author(s): Levia Delphis F.、Nanko Kazuki（24人中4番目）、ほか
  • Journal Title: Nature Geoscience Volume: 13 Issue: 10 Pages: 656-658
  • DOI: 10.1038/s41561-020-0641-y
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] Advancing ecohydrology in the 21st century: A convergence of opportunities (2020)
  • Author(s): Guswa Andrew J.、Nanko Kazuki （30人中21番目）、ほか
  • Journal Title: Ecohydrology Volume: 13 Issue: 4
  • DOI: 10.1002/eco.2208
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] 雨滴測定に基づいた森林内の雨と土砂の動きの解明. (2020)
  • Author(s): 南光一樹
  • Journal Title: JATAFFジャーナル Volume: 8(4) Pages: 12-17
• [Journal Article] 降ってくる雨や雪の量を測る (2020)
  • Author(s): 南光一樹
  • Journal Title: 砂防学会誌 Volume: 73 Pages: 83-86
• [Journal Article] Throughfall Erosivity in Relation to Drop Size and Crown Position: A Case Study from a Teak Plantation in Thailand (2020)
  • Author(s): Nanko K.、Tanaka N.、Leuchner M.、Levia D. F.
  • Journal Title: Forest-Water Interactions Volume: 12 Pages: 279-298
  • DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-26086-6_12
  • ISBN: 9783030260859, 9783030260866
  • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] Throughfall partitioning by trees (2019)
  • Author(s): Levia Delphis F.、Nanko Kazuki、Amasaki Hiromasa、Giambelluca Thomas W.、Hotta Norifumi、Iida Shin'ichi、Mudd Ryan G.、Nullet Michael A.、Sakai Naoki、Shinohara Yoshinori、Sun Xinchao、Suzuki Masakazu、Tanaka Nobuaki、Tantasirin Chatchai、Yamada Kozo
  • Journal Title: Hydrological Processes Volume: 33 Issue: 12 Pages: 1698-1708
  • DOI: 10.1002/hyp.13432
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] Characterization of differential throughfall drop size distributions beneath European beech and Norway spruce (2019)
  • Author(s): Lupke Marvin、Leuchner Michael、Levia Delphis、Nanko Kazuki、Iida Shin'ichi、Menzel Annette
  • Journal Title: Hydrological Processes Volume: 33 Issue: 26 Pages: 3391-3406
  • DOI: 10.1002/hyp.13565
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] Expressing stemflow commensurate with its ecohydrological importance (2018)
  • Author(s): Carlyle-Moses Darryl E.、Iida Shin'ichi、Germer Sonja、Llorens Pilar、Michalzik Beate、Nanko Kazuki、Tischer Alexander、Levia Delphis F.
  • Journal Title: Advances in Water Resources Volume: 121 Pages: 472-479
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.advwatres.2018.08.015
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] 雨滴データを活用した樹冠内の雨水通過経路の推定 (2023)
  • Author(s): 南光一樹・Keim Richard・Hudson Sean・Levia Delphis
  • Organizer: 第134回日本森林学会大会
• [Presentation] Forest, as a modulator of rain and wind. (2022)
  • Author(s): Nanko, K.
  • Organizer: 10th Japanese-French Frontiers of Science (JFFoS) Symposium
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] 林内外の雨滴粒径分布の違いを活用した樹冠内の雨水流路の推定 (2022)
  • Author(s): 南光一樹・Keim Richard・Hudson Sean・Levia Delphis
  • Organizer: 水文・水資源学会／日本水文科学会研究発表会
• [Presentation] 雨が降ると樹木はどうやって濡れていくのか？ (2022)
  • Author(s): 南光一樹
  • Organizer: 第69回日本生態学会大会
  • Invited
• [Presentation] Variability of throughfall erosivity among crown positions in a teak plantation based on raindrop measurements and throughfall partitioning. (2021)
  • Author(s): Nanko, K., Tanaka, N., Leuchner, M., Levia, D.F.
  • Organizer: EGU General Assembly 2021
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] The role of forests and trees as modulators of water and biogeochemical cycles. (2021)
  • Author(s): Levia, D.F., Nanko, K.
  • Organizer: 6th IAHR Europe Congress
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Sustaining the soil: management strategies of forest-water interactions to protect forest soils. (2021)
  • Author(s): Nanko, K., Levia, D.F., Seitz, S.
  • Organizer: 6th IAHR Europe Congress
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Stemflow infiltration areas into forest soils around American beech trees. (2020)
  • Author(s): Llorens, P., Latron, J., Carlyle-Moses, D.E., Nathe, K., Chang, J.L., Nanko, K., Iida, S., Levia, D.F.
  • Organizer: EGU General Assembly 2020
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Vertical variation in the depositional flux and biomass inventory of radiocesium through stemflow partitioning between tree canopy and trunk. (2020)
  • Author(s): Saidin, Z.H., Onda, Y., Kato, H., Hudson, J.E., Nanko, K., Levia, D.F.
  • Organizer: JpGU-AGU Joint Meeting 2020
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Investigating infiltration areas and infiltration funneling ratios for American beech trees. (2020)
  • Author(s): Carlyle-Moses, D.E., Llorens, P., Latron, J., Nathe, K., Nanko, K., Chang, J., Iida, S., Levia, D.F.
  • Organizer: AGU Fall Meeting 2020
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] A network model for stemflow solute transport. (2020)
  • Author(s): Tucker, A.M., Levia, D.F., Katul, G.G., Nanko, K., Rossi, L.F.
  • Organizer: AGU Fall Meeting 2020
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Planetary resilience jeopardized by homogenization of the terrestrial water cycle. (2020)
  • Author(s): Levia, D.F., Nanko, K.（24人中4番目）, ほか
  • Organizer: AGU Fall Meeting 2020
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Vertical variation in branchflow and stemflow cycling of radiocesium between coniferous and deciduous forests in Japan. (2020)
  • Author(s): Saidin, Z.H., Onda, Y., Kato, H., Hudson, J.E., Nanko, K., Levia, D.F.
  • Organizer: AGU Fall Meeting 2020
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] 樹冠通過雨の成分分離とそれに基づく雨滴衝撃エネルギーの空間的なばらつき. (2020)
  • Author(s): 南光一樹・田中延亮・Michael Leuchner・Delphis F. Levia
  • Organizer: 第131回日本森林学会大会
• [Presentation] Stand-scale metrics for expressing stemflow commensurate with its ecohydrological importance. (2019)
  • Author(s): Carlyle-Moses, D.E., Iida, S., Germer, S., Llorens, P., Michalzike, B., Nanko, K., Tischere, A., Levia, D.F.
  • Organizer: EGU General Assembly 2019
  • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
• [Presentation] Can drop characteristics explain differences in isotopic composition between open rainfall and throughfall? (2019)
  • Author(s): Pinos, J., Latron, J., Cayuela, C., Nanko, K., Levia, D.F., Llorens, P.
  • Organizer: EGU General Assembly 2019
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Quantifying stemflow to better express its ecohydrological significance. (2019)
  • Author(s): Iida, S., Carlyle-Moses, D.E., Germer, S., Llorens, P., Michalzike, B., Nanko, K., Tischere, A., Levia, D.F.
  • Organizer: JpGU Meeting 2019
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Interactions among forest canopy, raindrop, wind, and soil. (2019)
  • Author(s): Nanko, K.
  • Organizer: Tsukuba Conference 2019
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] 樹幹流の生態水文学的重要性を表現するための指標. (2019)
  • Author(s): 飯田真一・Darryl E. Carlyle-Moses・Sonja Germer・Pilar Llorens・Beat Michalzik・南光一樹・Alexander Tischer・Delphis F. Levia
  • Organizer: 2019年度日本水文科学会学術大会
• [Presentation] 雨滴測定から見えてくる葉や枝での雨の振る舞い. (2019)
  • Author(s): 南光一樹
  • Organizer: 2019年度土壌物理学会大会 第61回シンポジウム「土壌・水環境のサステナビリティとコロイド界面現象」
  • Invited
• [Presentation] Effect of tree species, leaf states, and rainfall intensity on throughfall generation and throughfall partitioning by use of a large-scale rainfall simulator. (2019)
  • Author(s): Nanko, K., Levia, D.F., Iida, S., Sun, X., Shinohara, Y., Sakai, N.
  • Organizer: 2019 AGU Fall Meeting
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Preliminary insights into the relationship between throughfall drop size and isotopic composition (2018)
  • Author(s): Singla, B., Latron, J., Nanko, K., Levia, D.F., Molina, A.J., Cayuela, C., Oromi, M. and Llorens, P.
  • Organizer: EGU General Assembly 2018
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Importance of the canopy wet-up phase for throughfall drop generation revealed by use of a large-scale rainfall simulator (2018)
  • Author(s): Nanko, K., Levia, D.F., Iida, S., Sun, X., Shinohara, Y. and Sakai, N.
  • Organizer: EGU General Assembly 2018
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Disentangling the relative influence of canopy structure on stemflow: insights from a large-scale rainfall simulator and Bayesian statistics (2018)
  • Author(s): Levia, D.F., Iida, S., Nanko, K., Sun, X., Shinohara, Y. and Sakai, N.
  • Organizer: EGU General Assembly 2018
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Stemflow and canopy structure: revelations from the NIED large-scale rainfall simulator (2018)
  • Author(s): Iida, S., Levia, D.F., Nanko, K., Sun, X., Shinohara, Y. and Sakai, N.
  • Organizer: 日本地球惑星科学連合2018年大会
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Relationship between throughfall drop size and isotopic composition: Preliminary insights from an ongoing experiment in Mediterranean conditions (Vallcebre, North-Eastern Spain) (2018)
  • Author(s): Singla, B., Latron, J., Nanko, K., Levia, D.F., Molina, A.J., Cayuela, C., Oromi, M., Gallart, F. and Llorens, P.
  • Organizer: 17th Biennial Conference ERB 2018
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Effect of throughfall type on drop size distribution and soil erosion potential in a teak plantation in northern Thailand (2018)
  • Author(s): Nanko, K., Tanaka, N., Leuchner, M. and Levia, D.F.
  • Organizer: 2018 AGU Fall Meeting
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Righting a wrong: expressing stemflow commensurate with its ecohydrological importance (2018)
  • Author(s): Nanko, K., Carlyle-Moses, D.E., Iida, S., Germer, S., Llorens, P., Michalzike, B., Tischere, A. and Levia, D.F.
  • Organizer: 2018 AGU Fall Meeting
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] The importance of gauge calibration in quantifying canopy interception loss (2018)
  • Author(s): Levia, D.F., Iida, S., Nanko, K., Sun, X., Shimizu, T., Tamai, K. and Shinohara, Y.
  • Organizer: 2018 AGU Fall Meeting
• [Book] 森林水文学入門 (2022)
  • Author(s): 大槻 恭一、久米 朋宣、笠原 玉青
  • Total Pages: 256
  • Publisher: 朝倉書店
  • ISBN: 9784254470604
• [Book] 森林と水 (2022)
  • Author(s): 三枝 信子、柴田 英昭、高梨 聡
  • Total Pages: 208
  • Publisher: 共立出版
  • ISBN: 9784320058217
• [Book] Forest-Water Interactions. (2020)
  • Author(s): Levia, D.F., Carlyle-Moses, D.E., Iida, S., Michalzik, B., Nanko, K., Tischer, A.
  • Total Pages: 628
  • Publisher: Ecological Studies, No. 240, Springer Nature, Switzerland AG
• [Remarks] プレスリリース：植物の多様性は水危機に強い土地をつくる
  • URL: http://www.ffpri.affrc.go.jp/press/2020/20201126/index.html
• [Remarks] 雨滴のサイズから明らかとなった森林の中で降る雨の違い
  • URL: http://www.ffpri.affrc.go.jp/research/saizensen/2019/20190426-01.html