未就学児における視線情報処理と集団適応の関連：実験室とフィールドからの総合的検討

• Project/Area Number: 18J22088
• Research Category: Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Fellows
• Allocation Type: Single-year Grants
• Section: 国内
• Research Field: Experimental psychology
• Research Institution: Kyoto University
• Principal Investigator: 石川 光彦 京都大学, 文学研究科, 特別研究員(DC1)
• Project Period (FY): 2018-04-25 – 2021-03-31
• Project Status: Completed (Fiscal Year 2020)
• Budget Amount: ¥2,500,000 (Direct Cost: ¥2,500,000); Fiscal Year 2020: ¥800,000 (Direct Cost: ¥800,000); Fiscal Year 2019: ¥800,000 (Direct Cost: ¥800,000); Fiscal Year 2018: ¥900,000 (Direct Cost: ¥900,000)
• Keywords: アイコンタクト / 報酬 / 学習 / 視線追従 / 心拍 / 乳幼児 / Natural Pedagogy / 機械学習 / 社会的認知

Outline of Annual Research Achievements

アイコンタクトに着目し，ヒトの社会的行動や学習を促進する生理学的メカニズムに関する研究を2つ実施した。研究１では，7か月児40名を対象に，アイコンタクトが乳児の連合学習をどのように促進するのかを検討するために，乳児の視線行動と瞳孔サイズの計測を行った。その結果，乳児はアイコンタクトから後の報酬的事象を期待していることを明らかにした。本研究は，ヨーロッパ中央大学との国際共同研究である。続く研究2では，アイコンタクトには報酬的事象の主観的確率を上昇させる効果があるか否かを検討するために，成人40名を対象に強化学習の過程を計測することができる二腕バンディット課題を実施した。その結果，アイコンタクトがある条件の方がない条件よりも，報酬期待値の過大視が生じることが示された。以上のように、ヒトの社会性の基盤となるアイコンタクトについて、乳児期から成人まで幅広い層を対象に、行動・生理指標の測定から実証データを蓄積している。本研究結果は，アイコンタクトのもつ報酬予測性に着目した学習促進メカニズムを示唆するものであり，今後の社会的認知研究の進展が大いに期待できる。
現在，研究１，2ともに査読付き国際学術雑誌への投稿と国際学会での発表の準備をしており，来年度中には公表されると見込まれる。また，本年度は国際共同研究の成果を含む国際学術誌への論文掲載が4本あり，研究成果は着実に公表されている。
今後は、今まで得られた実証研究の結果を統合し、アイコンタクトによる社会的認知・行動の促進メカニズムについて理論を構築していくことが期待される。

Research Progress Status

令和2年度が最終年度であるため、記入しない。

Strategy for Future Research Activity

令和2年度が最終年度であるため、記入しない。

Research Products

• [Int'l Joint Research] University of London, Birkbeck(英国)
• [Int'l Joint Research] Catholic Milano University(イタリア)
• [Int'l Joint Research] Central European University(ハンガリー)
• [Int'l Joint Research] University of London, Birkbeck(英国)
• [Int'l Joint Research] Central European University(ハンガリー)
• [Int'l Joint Research] Catholic Milan University(イタリア)
• [Journal Article] Affective priming enhances gaze cueing effect. (2021)
  • Author(s): Ishikawa Mitsuhiko、Haensel Jennifer X.、Smith Tim J.、Senju Atsushi、Itakura Shoji
  • Journal Title: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance Volume: 47 Issue: 2 Pages: 189-199
  • DOI: 10.1037/xhp0000880
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] The understanding of congruent and incongruent referential gaze in 17-month-old infants: an eye-tracking study comparing human and robot (2020)
  • Author(s): Manzi F.、Ishikawa M.、Di Dio C.、Itakura S.、Kanda T.、Ishiguro H.、Massaro D.、Marchetti A.
  • Journal Title: Scientific Reports Volume: 10 Issue: 1 Pages: 1-10
  • DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69140-6
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] Cultural influences on face scanning are consistent across infancy and adulthood (2020)
  • Author(s): Haensel Jennifer X.、Ishikawa Mitsuhiko、Itakura Shoji、Smith Tim J.、Senju Atsushi
  • Journal Title: Infant Behavior and Development Volume: 61 Pages: 101503-101503
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2020.101503
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] Examining the social influence of reputation for partner productivity level on the collaborative task performance of young children (2020)
  • Author(s): Hamamoto Hikaru、Mizobata Risa、Ishikawa Mitsuhiko、Itakura Shoji
  • Journal Title: Infant and Child Development Volume: 30 Issue: 2 Pages: 1-14
  • DOI: 10.1002/icd.2213
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] Learning Process of Gaze Following: Computational Modeling Based on Reinforcement Learning (2020)
  • Author(s): Ishikawa, M, Senju, A, & Itakura, S
  • Journal Title: Frontiers in Psychology Volume: 11 Pages: 213-213
  • DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00213
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] Culture modulates face scanning during dyadic social interactions (2020)
  • Author(s): Haensel Jennifer X.、Danvers Matthew、Ishikawa Mitsuhiko、Itakura Shoji、Tucciarelli Raffaele、Smith Tim J.、Senju Atsushi
  • Journal Title: Scientific Reports Volume: 10 Issue: 1 Pages: 1958-1958
  • DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58802-0
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] Quantifying Sources of Variability in Infancy Research Using the Infant-Directed-Speech Preference (2020)
  • Author(s): The ManyBabies Consortium (including Ayumi Sato)
  • Journal Title: Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science Volume: 3 Issue: 1 Pages: 24-52
  • DOI: 10.1177/2515245919900809
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] Physiological arousal predicts gaze following in infants (2019)
  • Author(s): Ishikawa Mitsuhiko、Itakura Shoji
  • Journal Title: Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences Volume: 286 Issue: 1896 Pages: 20182746-20182746
  • DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.2746
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
• [Journal Article] Effects of attentional behaviours on infant visual preferences and object choice (2019)
  • Author(s): Ishikawa, M., Yoshimura, M., Sato, H., & Itakura, S.
  • Journal Title: Cognitive Processing Volume: Online Issue: 3 Pages: 317-324
  • DOI: 10.1007/s10339-019-00918-x
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
• [Journal Article] Observing Others’ Gaze Direction Affects Infants’ Preference for Looking at Gazing- or Gazed-at Faces (2018)
  • Author(s): Ishikawa Mitsuhiko、Itakura Shoji
  • Journal Title: Frontiers in Psychology Volume: 9 Pages: 01503-01503
  • DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01503
  • NAID: 120006502618
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
• [Presentation] Heart rate mediates contextual modulation of infant gaze following (2020)
  • Author(s): Ishikawa, M., Senju, A., Kato, M., & Itakura, S.
  • Organizer: International Congress of Infant Studies
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Heart rate partially explains contextual modulation of infant gaze following (2020)
  • Author(s): Ishikawa, M., Senju, A., Kato, M., & Itakura, S
  • Organizer: Budapest CEU Conference on Cognitive Development
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Can humanoid robots be informative partners like humans?: An eye-tracking study on infants’ gaze understanding (2020)
  • Author(s): Manzi, F., Ishikawa, M., Itakura, S., Kanda, T., Ishiguro, H., Di Dio, C., Massaro, D., & Marchetti, A.
  • Organizer: Budapest CEU Conference on Cognitive Development
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Agency is not a problem: A study on the action understanding in infants comparing human and robot. (2019)
  • Author(s): Development, PB-6, Budapest, Hungary, January 8-10, 2020 Manzi, F., Ishikawa, M., Itakura, S., Kanda, T., Ishiguro, S., Massaro D., & Marchetti, A.,
  • Organizer: 9th European Conference on Developmental Psychology
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] The method to predict infant behaviour: A study of Artificial Neural Networks (2019)
  • Author(s): Ishikawa, M., & Itakura, S.
  • Organizer: 4th Lancaster Conference on Infant and Early Child Development
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] A cross-cultural comparison of face scanning strategies in infancy: screen-based paradigms and live dyadic interactions (2019)
  • Author(s): Haensel, X. J., Ishikawa, M., Itakura, S., Neesgaard, N., Tucciarelli, R., Smith, J, T., Senju, A.
  • Organizer: Vision Science Society
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Physiological Arousal changes dynamically before infants show gaze following (2019)
  • Author(s): Ishikawa, M., & Itakura, S.
  • Organizer: Budapest CEU Conference on Cognitive Development
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] How machine learning can be used in social cognitive science? A challenge to predict infant social behaviour (2019)
  • Author(s): Ishikawa, M., & Itakura, S.
  • Organizer: Understanding Others-Integration of Social Cognitive and Affective Processes
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Why we follow other’s gaze direction? The Mechanism of Gaze Following (2019)
  • Author(s): Ishikawa, M
  • Organizer: Catholic Milan University Short Lecture for PhD students
  • Invited
• [Presentation] My heart is beating fast: The effects of eye contact on infant physiological states and social behaviour (2019)
  • Author(s): Ishikawa, M
  • Organizer: Neuchatel University. Guest speaker for the lecture of Psychology
  • Invited
• [Presentation] アイコンタクトが乳児の心拍変動に与える影響 視線追従の文脈において (2018)
  • Author(s): 石川光彦, 板倉昭二
  • Organizer: 日本赤ちゃん学会第18回学術集会
• [Presentation] Preference for Gaze-Shifters in infants: in the triadic relation between Self-Other-Environment (2018)
  • Author(s): Ishikawa, M., & Itakura, S.
  • Organizer: INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF BEHAVIOURAL DEVELOPMENT
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] The effects of eye contact on infant heart rate: A study in the context of gaze following (2018)
  • Author(s): Ishikawa, M., & Itakura, S.
  • Organizer: British Psychological Society Developmental Section
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] The Neurophysiological Mechanism of Eye Contact Effects on Gaze Following (2018)
  • Author(s): Ishikawa, M
  • Organizer: Lancaster University, Psychology seminar
  • Invited