| Budget Amount *help |
¥4,420,000 (Direct Cost: ¥3,400,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,020,000)
Fiscal Year 2020: ¥780,000 (Direct Cost: ¥600,000、Indirect Cost: ¥180,000)
Fiscal Year 2019: ¥1,690,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,300,000、Indirect Cost: ¥390,000)
Fiscal Year 2018: ¥1,950,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,500,000、Indirect Cost: ¥450,000)
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| Outline of Final Research Achievements |
This research clarified the transition of how the usefulness and risk of "Shuto"(inoculation and vaccination against smallpox) was evaluated by medical professionals and government officials in each era category.
"Shuto" was introduced to the Japanese archipelago in the middle of the 18th century and became mandatory for the people after the Meiji era as part of the national hygiene policy. However, the concerns about the risk of "Shuto" began to outweigh the claims over its need in the late 1960s, leading to its discontinuation in 1976.
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