| Budget Amount *help |
¥4,290,000 (Direct Cost: ¥3,300,000、Indirect Cost: ¥990,000)
Fiscal Year 2020: ¥1,430,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,100,000、Indirect Cost: ¥330,000)
Fiscal Year 2019: ¥1,430,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,100,000、Indirect Cost: ¥330,000)
Fiscal Year 2018: ¥1,430,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,100,000、Indirect Cost: ¥330,000)
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| Outline of Final Research Achievements |
Independence is used to designate the legally relevant relationships between the adjudicator and the parties to a dispute. The notion of impartiality refers to the absence of prejudgment of the decision-maker in relation to the case or to the parties.
Measures to ensure the independence and impartiality of adjudicators depend on the type of "reform" of investor-State dispute settlement to be adopted. If States adopt an incremental approach, ie the improvement of the existing arbitration system, more onerous and specific disclosure requirements should be included. Furthermore, clearer standards or revised procedures for challenging arbitrators could address issues related to multiple appointments and double-hatting and provide common standards for issue conflict.
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