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Theoretical elucidation of uranium isotope fractionation by bacteria

Research Project

Project/Area Number 18K05040
Research Category

Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)

Allocation TypeMulti-year Fund
Section一般
Review Section Basic Section 32010:Fundamental physical chemistry-related
Research InstitutionHiroshima University (2021)
Tokyo Metropolitan University (2018-2020)

Principal Investigator

Abe Minori  広島大学, 先進理工系科学研究科(理), 准教授 (60534485)

Project Period (FY) 2018-04-01 – 2022-03-31
Project Status Completed (Fiscal Year 2021)
Budget Amount *help
¥4,160,000 (Direct Cost: ¥3,200,000、Indirect Cost: ¥960,000)
Fiscal Year 2020: ¥390,000 (Direct Cost: ¥300,000、Indirect Cost: ¥90,000)
Fiscal Year 2019: ¥520,000 (Direct Cost: ¥400,000、Indirect Cost: ¥120,000)
Fiscal Year 2018: ¥3,250,000 (Direct Cost: ¥2,500,000、Indirect Cost: ¥750,000)
Keywords相対論的量子化学 / 同位体分別 / 微生物 / ウラン / 核体積効果 / 理論化学 / ab initio / バクテリア / 相対論 / 量子化学 / 理論計算 / 古生物学
Outline of Final Research Achievements

Variations in uranium isotope ratios are often discussed in geochemistry. The biotic reduction by bacteria and the abiotic reduction by inorganic catalysts showed different trends in isotope fractionation in the reduction of hexa valent and tetra valent uranium, but the reason was unclear. To clarify the reaction mechanism of both, relativistic quantum chemical calculation was carried out. Equilibrium isotope fractionation coefficients for biological reactions were computed, which overestimates the experimental value by a factor of 3. Isotope fractionation coefficients for abiotic reactions shows similar trend to those for biological reactions. Therefore, the nonequilibrium isotope effect was found to be more important. The steady-state approximation in the multistep reaction was introduced for the nonequilibrium rection and applied to the isotope fractionation in the disucssion of biological uranium reduction.

Academic Significance and Societal Importance of the Research Achievements

軽元素における非平衡の同位体効果は、質量が異なることによる速度論的効果としてよく議論される。しかし本研究では、重元素であるウランを扱うため、相対論の影響を強く受けた核体積効果(電子エネルギーに起因する項)が同位体分別の駆動力になり、軽元素とは異なるメカニズムを考える必要があった。本研究では、相対論的量子化学計算を行い、実験的には求められない、素反応ごとの平衡同位体分別係数を算出した。またこの値は、非平衡多段反応を考える上で導入された、定常状態モデルの式中にも表れるため重要である。定常状態モデルの妥当性は今後も検証が必要であるが、ウラン同位体分別反応メカニズムにおいて新たな可能性を示せた。

Report

(5 results)
  • 2021 Annual Research Report   Final Research Report ( PDF )
  • 2020 Research-status Report
  • 2019 Research-status Report
  • 2018 Research-status Report
  • Research Products

    (60 results)

All 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 Other

All Int'l Joint Research (9 results) Journal Article (20 results) (of which Int'l Joint Research: 20 results,  Peer Reviewed: 20 results,  Open Access: 6 results) Presentation (31 results) (of which Int'l Joint Research: 15 results,  Invited: 12 results)

  • [Int'l Joint Research] スイス連邦工科大学ローザンヌ校(スイス)

    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] ハノーバ大学(ドイツ)

    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] スイス連邦工科大学ローザンヌ校(スイス)

    • Related Report
      2020 Research-status Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] Physical Research Laboratory(インド)

    • Related Report
      2020 Research-status Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] ハノーバー大学(ドイツ)

    • Related Report
      2020 Research-status Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] スイス連邦工科大学ローザンヌ校(スイス)

    • Related Report
      2019 Research-status Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] ハノーバ大学(ドイツ)

    • Related Report
      2019 Research-status Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] スイス連邦工科大学ローザンヌ校(スイス)

    • Related Report
      2018 Research-status Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] ハノーバ大学(ドイツ)

    • Related Report
      2018 Research-status Report
  • [Journal Article] Ab initio and steady-state models for uranium isotope fractionation in multi-step biotic and abiotic reduction2021

    • Author(s)
      Sato Ataru、Bernier-Latmani Rizlan、Hada Masahiko、Abe Minori
    • Journal Title

      Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

      Volume: 307 Pages: 212-227

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.gca.2021.05.044

    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Density Functional Study on Compounds to Accelerate the Electron Capture Decay of 7Be2021

    • Author(s)
      Yoshida Akira、Abe Minori、Hada Masahiko
    • Journal Title

      The Journal of Physical Chemistry A

      Volume: 125 Issue: 29 Pages: 6356-6361

    • DOI

      10.1021/acs.jpca.1c01491

    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Study of HgOH to Assess Its Suitability for Electron Electric Dipole Moment Searches2021

    • Author(s)
      Mitra Ramanuj、Prasannaa V. Srinivasa、Sahoo Bijaya K.、Hutzler Nicholas R.、Abe Minori、Das Bhanu Pratap
    • Journal Title

      Atoms

      Volume: 9 Issue: 1 Pages: 7-7

    • DOI

      10.3390/atoms9010007

    • Related Report
      2020 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Density Functional Study of Metal-to-Ligand Charge Transfer and Hole-Hopping in Ruthenium(II) Complexes with Alkyl-Substituted Bipyridine Ligands2020

    • Author(s)
      Salmahaminati、Abe Minori、Purnama Indra、Mulyana Jacob Yan、Hada Masahiko
    • Journal Title

      ACS Omega

      Volume: 6 Issue: 1 Pages: 55-64

    • DOI

      10.1021/acsomega.0c01199

    • Related Report
      2020 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Accurate determination of the enhancement factor X for the nuclear Schiff moment in 205TlF molecule based on the four-component relativistic coupled-cluster theory2020

    • Author(s)
      Abe Minori、Tsutsui Takashi、Ekman J?rgen、Hada Masahiko、Das Bhanu
    • Journal Title

      Molecular Physics

      Volume: 118 Issue: 23 Pages: e1767814-e1767814

    • DOI

      10.1080/00268976.2020.1767814

    • Related Report
      2020 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Significance of Non-Linear Terms in the Relativistic Coupled-Cluster Theory in the Determination of Molecular Properties2020

    • Author(s)
      Prasannaa V. Srinivasa、Sahoo Bijaya K.、Abe Minori、Das Bhanu P.
    • Journal Title

      Symmetry

      Volume: 12 Issue: 5 Pages: 811-811

    • DOI

      10.3390/sym12050811

    • Related Report
      2020 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Attainable accuracies of QH+ rotational transition frequencies (Q: 40Ca, 24Mg, 202Hg)2020

    • Author(s)
      M. Kajita, R. Bala, and M. Abe
    • Journal Title

      Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics

      Volume: 53 Issue: 8 Pages: 085401-085401

    • DOI

      10.1088/1361-6455/ab7425

    • Related Report
      2020 Research-status Report 2019 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Enhanced sensitivity of the electron electric dipole moment from YbOH: The role of theory2019

    • Author(s)
      Prasannaa V. S.、Shitara N.、Sakurai A.、Abe M.、Das B. P.
    • Journal Title

      Physical Review A

      Volume: 99 Issue: 6 Pages: 062502-062502

    • DOI

      10.1103/physreva.99.062502

    • Related Report
      2019 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] The Role of Relativistic Many-Body Theory in Electron Electric Dipole Moment Searches Using Cold Molecules2019

    • Author(s)
      Prasannaa V. S.、Sunaga A.、Abe M.、Hada M.、Shitara N.、Sakurai A.、Das B. P.
    • Journal Title

      Atoms

      Volume: 7 Issue: 2 Pages: 58-58

    • DOI

      10.3390/atoms7020058

    • Related Report
      2019 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] RaH as a potential candidate for electron electric-dipole-moment searches2019

    • Author(s)
      Fazil N. M.、Prasannaa V. S.、Latha K. V. P.、Abe M.、Das B. P.
    • Journal Title

      Physical Review A

      Volume: 99 Issue: 5 Pages: 052502-052502

    • DOI

      10.1103/physreva.99.052502

    • Related Report
      2019 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Ultracold mercury?alkali-metal molecules for electron-electric-dipole-moment searches2019

    • Author(s)
      Sunaga A.、Prasannaa V. S.、Abe M.、Hada M.、Das B. P.
    • Journal Title

      Physical Review A

      Volume: 99 Issue: 4 Pages: 040501-040501

    • DOI

      10.1103/physreva.99.040501

    • Related Report
      2019 Research-status Report 2018 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] 13C and 207Pb NMR Chemical Shifts of Dirhodio- and Dilithioplumbole Complexes: A Quantum Chemical Assessment2019

    • Author(s)
      Narayanan Radhika、Nakada Marisa、Abe Minori、Saito Masaichi、Hada Masahiko
    • Journal Title

      Inorganic Chemistry

      Volume: 58 Issue: 21 Pages: 14708-14719

    • DOI

      10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02367

    • Related Report
      2019 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Inverted Sandwich Rh Complex Bearing a Plumbole Ligand and Its Catalytic Activity2019

    • Author(s)
      Saito Masaichi、Nakada Marisa、Kuwabara Takuya、Owada Ryota、Furukawa Shunsuke、Narayanan Radhika、Abe Minori、Hada Masahiko、Tanaka Ken、Yamamoto Yoshihiko
    • Journal Title

      Organometallics

      Volume: 38 Issue: 16 Pages: 3099-3103

    • DOI

      10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00339

    • Related Report
      2019 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Factors influencing the photoelectrochemical device performance sensitized by ruthenium polypyridyl dyes2019

    • Author(s)
      Purnama Indra、Salmahaminati Salmahaminati、Abe Minori、Hada Masahiko、Kubo Yuji、Mulyana Jacob Yan
    • Journal Title

      Dalton Transactions

      Volume: 48 Issue: 2 Pages: 688-695

    • DOI

      10.1039/c8dt03502d

    • Related Report
      2018 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] RaH as a potential candidate for electron electric dipole moment searches2019

    • Author(s)
      N. M. Fazil, V. S. Prasannaa, K. V. P. Latha, M. Abe, and B. P. Das
    • Journal Title

      Physical Review A

      Volume: 印刷中

    • Related Report
      2018 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Merits of heavy-heavy diatomic molecules for electron electric dipole moment searches2019

    • Author(s)
      [2]A. Sunaga, M. Abe, M. Hada B. P. Das, V. S. Prasannaa
    • Journal Title

      Physical Review A

      Volume: 印刷中

    • Related Report
      2018 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Calculations of electronic properties and vibrational parameters of alkaline-earth lithides: MgLi+ and CaLi+2018

    • Author(s)
      Bala Renu、Nataraj H. S.、Abe Minori、Kajita Masatoshi
    • Journal Title

      Molecular Physics

      Volume: 117 Issue: 6 Pages: 712-725

    • DOI

      10.1080/00268976.2018.1539258

    • Related Report
      2018 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Enhancement factors of parity- and time-reversal-violating effects for monofluorides2018

    • Author(s)
      Sunaga A.、Prasannaa V. S.、Abe M.、Hada M.、Das B. P.
    • Journal Title

      Physical Review A

      Volume: 98 Issue: 4 Pages: 042511-042511

    • DOI

      10.1103/physreva.98.042511

    • Related Report
      2018 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Electron correlation trends in the permanent electric dipole moments of alkaline-earth-metal monohydrides2018

    • Author(s)
      Fazil N. M.、Prasannaa V. S.、Latha K. V. P.、Abe M.、Das B. P.
    • Journal Title

      Physical Review A

      Volume: 98 Issue: 3 Pages: 032511-032511

    • DOI

      10.1103/physreva.98.032511

    • Related Report
      2018 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Accurate ab initio calculations of spectroscopic constants and properties of BeLi +2018

    • Author(s)
      Bala Renu、Nataraj H.S.、Abe Minori、Kajita Masatoshi
    • Journal Title

      Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy

      Volume: 349 Pages: 1-9

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.jms.2018.03.013

    • Related Report
      2018 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Relativistic calculations of isotope fractionation in uranium chemical compounds2022

    • Author(s)
      Minori Abe, Ataru Sato, Masahiko Hada
    • Organizer
      Norway-Japan symposium on theoretical and experimental chemistry of complex systems
    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] Theoretical study of uranium isotope fractionation for 64 U compounds2022

    • Author(s)
      Minori Abe, Ataru Sato, Masahiko Hada
    • Organizer
      Hiroshima University & National Taiwan University Joint Symposium on Chemistry
    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] 『ウラン化合物における相対論を含む量子化学計算の実験との整合性検討』64種のウラン化合物におけるウラン同位体分別の理論計算2022

    • Author(s)
      阿部穣里、佐藤有汰留、波田雅彦
    • Organizer
      2021年度 専門研究会「アクチノイド物性化学とその応用」
    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
    • Invited
  • [Presentation] Diatomic molecular electronic wavefunction inside a nucleus for measurement of nuclear Schiff moment2021

    • Author(s)
      Minori Abe
    • Organizer
      Yamada Conference LXXII: The 8th Asia-Pacific conference on Few-Body problems in Physics (APFB2020)
    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] Uranium isotope fractionation in biological reduction based on the relativistic quantum chemical calculations2021

    • Author(s)
      Minori Abe, Ataru Sato, Masahiko Hada
    • Organizer
      ACS Fall meeting 2021
    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] “Electronic enhancement factor for nuclear Schiff moment in heavy-element molecules2021

    • Author(s)
      Minori Abe, Takashi Tsutsui, Jorgen Ekman, Bhanu Das, Masahiko Hada
    • Organizer
      The 2021 International Chemical Congress of Pacific Basin Societies (Pacifichem2021)
    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Ab-initio modeling of uranium isotope fractionation in biotic reduction2021

    • Author(s)
      Ataru Sato, Minori Abe, Masahiko Hada
    • Organizer
      The 2021 International Chemical Congress of Pacific Basin Societies (Pacifichem2021)
    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] 電子と原子核の相互作用に関連する3つの理論的研究2021

    • Author(s)
      阿部穣里
    • Organizer
      2021年度日本放射化学会第 65 回討論会(2021)
    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
    • Invited
  • [Presentation] 閃ウラン鉱における同位体効果の理論的研究2021

    • Author(s)
      佐藤 有汰留、市川 絵理、阿部 穣里、波田 雅彦
    • Organizer
      熊取研究会「アクチノイド物性化学とその応用」
    • Related Report
      2020 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] 化学反応経路中のウラン同位体効果に関する理論的研究2021

    • Author(s)
      阿部 穣里、佐藤 有汰留、波田 雅彦
    • Organizer
      第18回同位体科学研究会
    • Related Report
      2020 Research-status Report
    • Invited
  • [Presentation] Theoretical study on isotope fractionation in biotic uranium multistep reduction reaction2021

    • Author(s)
      Ataru Sato, Minori Abe, Masahiko Hada
    • Organizer
      日本化学会第18回春季年会
    • Related Report
      2020 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] 非生物性還元で生成するウラン結晶の同位体分別に関する理論的研究2021

    • Author(s)
      市川 絵里、佐藤 有汰留、阿部 穣里、波田 雅彦
    • Organizer
      日本化学会第18回春季年会
    • Related Report
      2020 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] 微生物によるウラン還元同位体効果の理論的考察2020

    • Author(s)
      阿部 穣里、佐藤 有汰留、波田 雅彦
    • Organizer
      2020年度日本地球化学会年会
    • Related Report
      2020 Research-status Report
    • Invited
  • [Presentation] Relativistic Quantum-Chemical Calculation on Uranium Isotope Fractionation in Biotic Reduction2020

    • Author(s)
      Ataru Sato, Minori Abe, and Masahiko Hada
    • Organizer
      Pure And Applied Chemistry International Conference 2020 (PACCON 2020)
    • Related Report
      2019 Research-status Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Reconsideration of the electronic term of the Schiff moment in diamagnetic molecules2020

    • Author(s)
      Naohiro Tomiyama, Minori Abe
    • Organizer
      The 12th International Workshop on Fundamental Physics Using Atoms (FPUA2020)
    • Related Report
      2019 Research-status Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Theoretical study of uranium isotope fractionation by bacteria2019

    • Author(s)
      Ataru Sato, Minori Abe and Masahiko Hada
    • Organizer
      Asia Pacific Association of Theoretical and Computational Chemists (APATCC 2019)
    • Related Report
      2019 Research-status Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] Enhancement factors of parity-and time-reversal-violating effects for monofluorides2019

    • Author(s)
      Ayaki.Sunaga, Srinivasa Prasannaa, Minori Abe, Masahiko Hada, and Bhanu Pratap Das
    • Organizer
      International Summit on OPTICS, PHOTONICS AND LASER TECHNOLOGIES
    • Related Report
      2019 Research-status Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] 化学反応経路中のウラン同位体効果2019

    • Author(s)
      阿部穣里、佐藤有汰留、波田雅彦
    • Organizer
      量子化学探索研究所シンポジウム「化学反応経路探索のニューフロンティア2019」
    • Related Report
      2019 Research-status Report
    • Invited
  • [Presentation] 生物性・非生物性U(VI)-U(IV)還元におけるウラン同位体分別の機構解明2019

    • Author(s)
      佐藤有汰留、阿部穣里、波田雅彦
    • Organizer
      日本地球化学会第66回年会
    • Related Report
      2019 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] 相対論的量子化学計算を用いた生物性ウラン還元に伴う同位体分別の機構解明2019

    • Author(s)
      佐藤有汰留、阿部穣里、波田雅彦
    • Organizer
      第9回CSJ化学フェスタ
    • Related Report
      2019 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] 7Beにおける原子核上の電子密度と軌道電子捕獲壊変の相関に関する理論的研究2019

    • Author(s)
      吉田玲、阿部穣里、波田雅彦
    • Organizer
      第13回分子科学討論会名古屋2019
    • Related Report
      2019 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] 核の電気双極子モーメントに関する電子状態項の理論式の再考2019

    • Author(s)
      冨山尚大、藤田武瑠、阿部穣里、波田雅彦
    • Organizer
      第13回分子科学討論会名古屋2019
    • Related Report
      2019 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] Relativistic Quantum Chemical Calculations of Nuclear Electic Dipole Moments in Diamagnetic Molecules2019

    • Author(s)
      M. Abe
    • Organizer
      The 11th International Workshop on Fundamental Physics Using Atoms (FPUA), Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
    • Related Report
      2018 Research-status Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Ab-initio計算による生物性ウラン還元に伴う同位体分別のメカニズム解明2019

    • Author(s)
      佐藤有汰留、阿部穣里、波田雅彦
    • Organizer
      第17回同位体科学研究会、首都大学東京 国際交流会館
    • Related Report
      2018 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] Relativistic many-body theories for time-reversal violation in molecules2018

    • Author(s)
      M. Abe
    • Organizer
      Second European Symposium on Chemical Bonding (ESCB2) Oviedo, Spain
    • Related Report
      2018 Research-status Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] Relativistic ab initio calculations of uranium isotope fractionations2018

    • Author(s)
      M. Abe
    • Organizer
      International Conference Uranium Biogeochemistry Transformations, isotopes, and applications (Uranium-Biogeo Conference 2018), Congressi Stefano Franscini, Monte Verita, Ascona, Switzerland.
    • Related Report
      2018 Research-status Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Relativistic quantum chemical calculations for uranium isotope fractionations caused by biological events2018

    • Author(s)
      阿部穣里
    • Organizer
      ナノ構造・物性―ナノ機能・応用部会合同シンポジウム、金沢勤労者プラザ
    • Related Report
      2018 Research-status Report
    • Invited
  • [Presentation] Analysis of enhancement factors of electron EDM and scalar-pseudoscalar interaction for atoms and molecules2018

    • Author(s)
      A. Sunaga, M. Abe, B. P. Das, M. Hada
    • Organizer
      7th Japan-Czech-Slovakia (JCS) Symposium on Theoretical Chemistry, the Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Prague, Czech Republic
    • Related Report
      2018 Research-status Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Theoretical study of isotope fractionation in uranium reduction2018

    • Author(s)
      A.Sato, M. Abe, M. Hada
    • Organizer
      International Conference Uranium Biogeochemistry Transformations, isotopes, and applications (Uranium-Biogeo Conference 2018), Congressi Stefano Franscini, Monte Verita, Ascona, Switzerland
    • Related Report
      2018 Research-status Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] ウラン還元における同位体分別の理論的研究2018

    • Author(s)
      佐藤有汰留、阿部穣里、波田雅彦
    • Organizer
      日本地球化学会第65回年会、琉球大学 千原キャンパス
    • Related Report
      2018 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] バクテリアによるウラン同位体分別の理論的研究2018

    • Author(s)
      佐藤有汰留、阿部穣里、波田雅彦
    • Organizer
      第21回理論化学討論会、岡崎コンファレンスセンター
    • Related Report
      2018 Research-status Report

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Published: 2018-04-23   Modified: 2023-01-30  

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