A Philosophy of Language Approach to Understanding Hate Speech

• Project/Area Number: 18K12194
• Research Category: Grant-in-Aid for Early-Career Scientists
• Allocation Type: Multi-year Fund
• Review Section: Basic Section 01010:Philosophy and ethics-related
• Research Institution: Nanzan University
• Principal Investigator: Izumi Yu 南山大学, 人文学部, 准教授 (10769649)
• Project Period (FY): 2018-04-01 – 2022-03-31
• Project Status: Completed (Fiscal Year 2021)
• Budget Amount: ¥2,210,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,700,000、Indirect Cost: ¥510,000); Fiscal Year 2020: ¥650,000 (Direct Cost: ¥500,000、Indirect Cost: ¥150,000); Fiscal Year 2019: ¥520,000 (Direct Cost: ¥400,000、Indirect Cost: ¥120,000); Fiscal Year 2018: ¥1,040,000 (Direct Cost: ¥800,000、Indirect Cost: ¥240,000)
• Keywords: 言語哲学 / 意味論 / 語用論 / ヘイト・スピーチ / 倫理学 / 排外主義 / 認識論

Outline of Final Research Achievements

The objective of this research project is to analyze harmful linguistic activities, such as hate speech, that can create distrust and division among the citizens of a society, using research methods in philosophy of language and the related fields. We first focused on the meaning of linguistic items themselves, including racial and ethnic slurs and constructions used to insult people. One of the findings was that such expressions have complex and socially significant meanings that the speakers cannot be aware of. We then turned to the actual uses of such expressions. In particular, we examined harmful posts on social media and explored the possibilities of technologies for automatically detecting them.

Academic Significance and Societal Importance of the Research Achievements

SNSなどを通じて、数多くの人間が表現活動を行う。そのため、どのような表現が市民社会において有害なのか、そしてそれらはどうして有害なのか、ということを明らかにする必要がある。この研究を通じて、具体的な表現を分析し、それらがどのような内容を持っており、どのように使用された際有害になるのか、ということを一定程度明らかにした。また、そうした有害な言説を、AIを用いて自動的に検出する技術を作るための準備を実際に行い、どのような課題があるのかを特定した。

Research Products

• [Journal Article] AIはレイシズムと戦えるのか 自然言語処理分野におけるヘイトスピーチ自動検出研究の現状と課題 (2021)
  • Author(s): 和泉悠, 仲宗根勝仁, 朱喜哲, 谷中瞳, 荒井ひろみ
  • Journal Title: 思想 Volume: 1169 Pages: 88-105
• [Journal Article] The Alleged “Non-Specificity” in Japanese Nominals with Floating Numeral Quantifier (2021)
  • Author(s): Yu Izumi
  • Journal Title: Nanzan Linguistics Volume: 16 Pages: 19-32
  • Open Access
• [Journal Article] ソーシャルメディアにおけるヘイトスピーチ検出に向けた 日本語データセット構築の試案 (2021)
  • Author(s): 荒井ひろみ, 和泉悠, 朱喜哲, 仲宗根勝仁, 谷中瞳
  • Journal Title: 言語処理学会 第27回年次大会 発表論文集 Volume: 27 Pages: 466-470
  • Open Access
• [Journal Article] The Pragmatics of “Dojin-ga!” (2019)
  • Author(s): 和泉悠
  • Journal Title: メタフュシカ Volume: 50 Pages: 63-73
  • DOI: 10.18910/73767
  • NAID: 120006786301
  • ISSN: 13426508
  • Year and Date: 2019-12-23
  • Open Access
• [Journal Article] 「書評 樽本英樹編『排外主義の国際比較』」 (2019)
  • Author(s): 和泉悠
  • Journal Title: 社会と倫理 Volume: 34 Pages: 142-146
  • Open Access
• [Journal Article] Knowing How in Japanese (2019)
  • Author(s): Yu Izumi, Shun Tsugita, and Masaharu Mizumoto
  • Journal Title: Nanzan Linguistics Volume: 14 Pages: 9-24
  • Open Access
• [Journal Article] 差別語のなにが悪いのか (2019)
  • Author(s): 和泉悠
  • Journal Title: 倫理学年報目録 Volume: 68
• [Journal Article] Generics and Sexual Harassment (2018)
  • Author(s): 和泉悠
  • Journal Title: Philosophy (Tetsugaku) Volume: 2018 Issue: 69 Pages: 32-43
  • DOI: 10.11439/philosophy.2018.32
  • NAID: 130007428574
  • ISSN: 0387-3358, 1884-2380
  • Year and Date: 2018-04-01
  • Open Access
• [Journal Article] Expressive Small Clauses in Japanese (2018)
  • Author(s): Yu Izumi and Shintaro Hayashi
  • Journal Title: New Frontiers in: JSAI-isAI 2017 Workshops Revised Selected Papers, Lecture Notes in Computer Science/Artificial Intelligence Volume: - Pages: 188-199
  • DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-93794-6_13
  • ISBN: 9783319937939, 9783319937946
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Presentation] 哲学の応用と社会実装―ヘイトスピーチをめぐる文理共創研究の可能性と課題― (2021)
  • Author(s): 和泉悠, 荒井ひろみ, 朱喜哲, 仲宗根勝仁, 谷中瞳
  • Organizer: 応用哲学会第十三回年次研究大会
• [Presentation] Abusive Tweets in Japanese during the COVID-19 pandemic (2021)
  • Author(s): Yu Izumi, Hiromi Arai, Hitomi Yanaka, Katsuhito Nakasone, Heechul Ju
  • Organizer: The 3rd International Workshop on Hate Speech in Asia and Europe: Pandemic, Fear, and Hate
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] The Semantics of ‘Dojin’: A Philosophy of Language Approach to Ethnic Slurs (2020)
  • Author(s): Yu Izumi
  • Organizer: Hate Speech in Asia: Challenges and Solutions
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] 意味研究の実験的手法 (2020)
  • Author(s): 和泉悠
  • Organizer: 科学基礎論学会
  • Invited
• [Presentation] ソーシャルメディアにおけるヘイトスピーチ検出に向けた日本語データセット構築の試案 (2020)
  • Author(s): 荒井ひろみ・和泉悠・朱喜哲・仲宗根勝仁・谷中瞳
  • Organizer: 言語処理学会
• [Presentation] 「ヘイトスピーチ」の概念工学へむけて (2019)
  • Author(s): 和泉悠
  • Organizer: 日本倫理学会第70回大会
• [Presentation] Polymorphic Predicativism (2019)
  • Author(s): Yu Izumi and Kent Erickson
  • Organizer: The 27th Japanese and Korean Linguistics
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] ヘイトスピーチ 信頼の壊しかた (2019)
  • Author(s): 和泉悠・朱喜哲・仲宗根勝仁
  • Organizer: ワークショップ 差別の倫理学・言語哲学・社会学
  • Invited
• [Presentation] Polymorphic Predicativism (2019)
  • Author(s): Yu Izumi
  • Organizer: Nanzan Workshop on the Foundational Issues in Linguistics and Philosophy of Language
  • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
• [Presentation] Comments on “Essentializing Inferences” by Katharine Ritchie (2019)
  • Author(s): Yu Izumi
  • Organizer: Meaning and Reality in Social Context
  • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
• [Presentation] 「土人が」の意味論と語用論 (2018)
  • Author(s): 和泉悠
  • Organizer: 応用哲学会第十回年次研究大会
• [Presentation] Slurs and Antihonorifics in Japanese (2018)
  • Author(s): Yu Izumi
  • Organizer: The Fourth Conference on Contemporary Philosophy in East Asia
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] 差別語の何が悪いのか (2018)
  • Author(s): 和泉悠
  • Organizer: 日本倫理学会第69回大会
  • Invited
• [Presentation] Slurs and Antihonorifics in Japanese (2018)
  • Author(s): Yu Izumi
  • Organizer: Generative Perspectives on the Syntax and Acquisition of Japanese, NINJAL Workshop
  • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
• [Presentation] The Semantics of ‘Dojin’: A Philosophy of Language Approach to Ethnic Slurs (2018)
  • Author(s): Yu Izumi
  • Organizer: Hate Speech: International Perspectives in and for Asian Region
  • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
• [Book] 悪い言語哲学入門 (2022)
  • Author(s): 和泉 悠
  • Total Pages: 256
  • Publisher: 筑摩書房
  • ISBN: 9784480074553
• [Book] 実験哲学入門 (2020)
  • Author(s): 鈴木貴之、和泉悠、笠木雅史、太田紘史、鈴木真、唐沢かおり
  • Total Pages: 216
  • Publisher: 勁草書房
  • ISBN: 4326102829
• [Book] 日本語研究から生成文法理論へ (2020)
  • Author(s): 斎藤衛、高橋大厚、瀧田健介、髙橋真彦、村杉恵子、和泉悠
  • Total Pages: 320
  • Publisher: 開拓社
  • ISBN: 9784758922883
• [Book] Ethno-Epistemology: New Directions for Global Epistemology (2020)
  • Author(s): Masaharu Mizumoto, Jonardon Ganeri, Cliff Goddard, Yu Izumi, Shun Tsugita
  • Total Pages: 288
  • Publisher: Routledge
• [Book] メタ倫理学の最前線 (2019)
  • Author(s): 蝶名林亮，和泉悠，他9名
  • Total Pages: 368
  • Publisher: 勁草書房
  • ISBN: 9784326102754
• [Book] 信頼を考える (2018)
  • Author(s): 小山虎, 和泉悠, 他16名
  • Total Pages: 372
  • Publisher: 勁草書房
  • ISBN: 9784326102709