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Development of innovative light-emitting-materials by construction of optically active higher-ordered structures and control of morphologies

Research Project

Project/Area Number 19H02792
Research Category

Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)

Allocation TypeSingle-year Grants
Section一般
Review Section Basic Section 35030:Organic functional materials-related
Research InstitutionKwansei Gakuin University

Principal Investigator

Morisaki Yasuhiro  関西学院大学, 生命環境学部, 教授 (60332730)

Project Period (FY) 2019-04-01 – 2023-03-31
Project Status Completed (Fiscal Year 2022)
Budget Amount *help
¥17,030,000 (Direct Cost: ¥13,100,000、Indirect Cost: ¥3,930,000)
Fiscal Year 2022: ¥3,640,000 (Direct Cost: ¥2,800,000、Indirect Cost: ¥840,000)
Fiscal Year 2021: ¥3,640,000 (Direct Cost: ¥2,800,000、Indirect Cost: ¥840,000)
Fiscal Year 2020: ¥5,330,000 (Direct Cost: ¥4,100,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,230,000)
Fiscal Year 2019: ¥4,420,000 (Direct Cost: ¥3,400,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,020,000)
Keywords円偏光発光 / 面性不斉 / 高次構造制御 / 形態制御 / シクロファン
Outline of Research at the Start

申請者はこれまでに、五種類の[2.2]パラシクロファン化合物の光学分割法を開発し(分子の一次構造制御)、様々な光学活性π電子系を構築してきた(分子の二次構造制御)。次は光学活性な三次以上の高次構造制御である。
本研究では、面性不斉多置換[2.2]パラシクロファンを構成要素に用い、以下の項目を目的として研究を展開する。
①分子集合を促す置換基を有する光学活性分子を合成し、光学活性高次構造を制御することで、これまでの物性値を凌駕する円偏光発光性薄膜ならびに集合体を創出する。
②光学活性X字型またはV字型分子を系統的に合成し、形態が制御されたマイクロ構造体を作成するとともに新機能を開拓する。

Outline of Final Research Achievements

In this work, we developed successfully optical resolution methods of three kinds of planar chiral [2.2]paracyclophane derivatives in addition to three kinds of planar chiral [2.2]paracyclophanes prepared so far by us. We prepared various enantiopure π-stacked molecules with optically active second-ordered structures by using six kinds of planar chiral [2.2]paracyclophane building blocks. The obtained molecules exhibited excellent circularly polarized luminescence properties with high anisotropy factors. The correlation between orientation of the stacked π-electron systems and the chiroptical properties was elucidated by experimental and theoretical studies. In addition, we succeeded in precision control of size, morphology, and crystal growth direction of skeletal crystals of an organic molecule by crystallization of the enantiopure X-shaped molecule based on the planar chiral [2.2]paracyclophane.

Academic Significance and Societal Importance of the Research Achievements

円偏光発光は左と右円偏光発光強度に差がある発光現象である。有機分子は官能基付与が容易であることから物性を柔軟に設計できる利点があり、本研究で高輝度かつ高異方性で円偏光発光する有機材料を創出できたことは大変意義がある。本研究で明らかにした分子の配向と円偏光発光挙動の相関解明により、その設計指針を示せたことも学術的かつ社会的意義がある。さらに本研究では有機分子の骸晶形成精密制御に世界で初めて成功した。骸晶は雪やBiの結晶など自然界にも見られるが、サイズ・形・結晶成長方向制御は極めて困難である。構造が明確かつ官能基変換が容易な有機分子でこれをなし得た事は、今後様々な応用展開を図る上で非常に意義深い。

Report

(5 results)
  • 2022 Annual Research Report   Final Research Report ( PDF )
  • 2021 Annual Research Report
  • 2020 Annual Research Report
  • 2019 Annual Research Report
  • Research Products

    (56 results)

All 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Other

All Journal Article (20 results) (of which Peer Reviewed: 20 results) Presentation (34 results) (of which Int'l Joint Research: 6 results,  Invited: 6 results) Remarks (2 results)

  • [Journal Article] Synthesis of two optically active V-shaped molecules: Investigating the correlation between the stacking angle and chiroptical properties2023

    • Author(s)
      Kensei Matsumura, Ryo Inoue, Yasuhiro Morisaki
    • Journal Title

      Tetrahedron

      Volume: - Pages: 133406-133406

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.tet.2023.133406

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Synthesis of optically active through-space conjugated polymers consisting of planar chiral pseudo-meta-disubstituted [2.2]paracyclophane2023

    • Author(s)
      Hazuki Maeda, Ryo Inoue, Akinori Saeki, Yasuhiro Morisaki
    • Journal Title

      Polym. J.

      Volume: 55 Issue: 4 Pages: 537-545

    • DOI

      10.1038/s41428-022-00703-2

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] 1.Synthesis of Two Novel Optically Active #-Shaped Cyclic Tetramers Based on Planar Chiral [2.2]Paracyclophanes2023

    • Author(s)
      Morisaki, A.; Inoue; R.; Morisaki, Y.
    • Journal Title

      Chem. Eur. J.

      Volume: 29 Issue: 18 Pages: 1-7

    • DOI

      10.1002/chem.202203533

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Optical resolution of pseudo-para-disubstituted [2.2]paracyclophane: a chiral building block for optically active helicene-stacked molecules emitting circularly polarized luminescence2023

    • Author(s)
      Asuka Yanagawa, Motoki Tsuchiya, Ryo Inoue, Yasuhiro Morisaki
    • Journal Title

      J. Mater. Chem. C

      Volume: 11 Issue: 3 Pages: 986-993

    • DOI

      10.1039/d2tc04652k

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Synthesis of Optically Active π-Stacked Molecules: Effect of π-Stacking Position on the Chiroptical Properties2022

    • Author(s)
      Risa Sawada, Masayuki Gon, Yoshiki Chujo, Ryo Inoue, Yasuhiro Morisaki
    • Journal Title

      Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn.

      Volume: 95 Issue: 9 Pages: 1353-1359

    • DOI

      10.1246/bcsj.20220153

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Synchronous assembly of chiral skeletal single-crystalline microvessels2022

    • Author(s)
      Oki Osamu、Yamagishi Hiroshi、Morisaki Yasuhiro、Inoue Ryo、Ogawa Kana、Miki Nanami、Norikane Yasuo、Sato Hiroyasu、Yamamoto Yohei
    • Journal Title

      Science

      Volume: 377 Issue: 6606 Pages: 673-678

    • DOI

      10.1126/science.abm9596

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Synthesis of Twisted Anthracenes: Induction of Twist Chirality by the Planar Chiral [2.2]Paracyclophane2022

    • Author(s)
      Motoki Tsuchiya, Ryo Inoue, Kentaro Tanaka, Yasuhiro Morisaki
    • Journal Title

      Chem. Asian J.

      Volume: e202200418 Issue: 15 Pages: 1-6

    • DOI

      10.1002/asia.202200418

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Synthesis of Optically Active V(120°)- and (60°)-Shaped Molecules Comprising Different π-Electron Systems2022

    • Author(s)
      Daiki Tabata, Ryo Inoue, Yusaku Sasai, Yasuhiro Morisaki
    • Journal Title

      Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn

      Volume: 95 Issue: 4 Pages: 595-601

    • DOI

      10.1246/bcsj.20220018

    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Optically Active Cyclic Oligomers Based on Planar Chiral [2.2]Paracyclophane2022

    • Author(s)
      Kentaro Tanaka, Ryo Inoue, Yasuhiro Morisaki
    • Journal Title

      Chem. Asian J.

      Volume: 17 Issue: 2

    • DOI

      10.1002/asia.202101267

    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Synthesis and Chiroptical Properties of One-handed Helical Oligo-o-phenylene-ethynylenes Using Planar Chiral [2.2]Paracyclophane2021

    • Author(s)
      Nanami Miki, Ryo Inoue, Yasuhiro Morisaki
    • Journal Title

      Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn

      Volume: 95 Issue: 1 Pages: 110-115

    • DOI

      10.1246/bcsj.20210368

    • NAID

      130008159262

    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Syntheses and Chiroptical Properties of Optically Active V-Shaped Molecules Based on Planar Chiral [2.2]Paracyclophane2021

    • Author(s)
      Nanami Miki, Hazuki Maeda, Ryo Inoue, Yasuhiro Morisaki
    • Journal Title

      ChemistrySelect

      Volume: - Issue: 45 Pages: 12970-12974

    • DOI

      10.1002/slct.202103587

    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Syntheses of Optically Active V-Shaped Molecules: Relationship Between their Chiroptical Properties and the Orientation of the Stacked π-Electron System2021

    • Author(s)
      Ryo Asakawa, Daiki Tabata, Nanami Miki, Motoki Tsuchiya, Ryo Inoue, Yasuhiro Morisaki
    • Journal Title

      Eur. J. Org. Chem.

      Volume: - Issue: 41 Pages: 5725-5731

    • DOI

      10.1002/ejoc.202101119

    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Construction of helical structures with planar chiral [2.2]paracyclophane: fusing helical and planar chiralities2021

    • Author(s)
      Motoki Tsuchiya, Hazuki Maeda, Ryo Inoue, Yasuhiro Morisaki
    • Journal Title

      Chem. Commun.

      Volume: 57 Issue: 73 Pages: 9256-9259

    • DOI

      10.1039/d1cc03320d

    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Synthesis of Optically Active V-Shaped Molecules: Studies on the Orientation of the Stacked π-Electron Systems and their Chiroptical Properties2021

    • Author(s)
      Nanami Miki, Ryo Inoue, Yasuhiro Morisaki
    • Journal Title

      Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn

      Volume: 94 Issue: 2 Pages: 451-453

    • DOI

      10.1246/bcsj.20200294

    • NAID

      130007995355

    • Related Report
      2020 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Experimental and theoretical studies on circularly polarized phosphorescence of a [2.2]paracyclophane-based platinum(II) complex2020

    • Author(s)
      Ryo Inoue, Riki Kondo, Yasuhiro Morisaki
    • Journal Title

      Chem. Commun.

      Volume: 56 Issue: 98 Pages: 15438-15441

    • DOI

      10.1039/d0cc06205g

    • Related Report
      2020 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Control of Axial Chirality by Planar Chirality Based on Optically Active [2.2]Paracyclophane2020

    • Author(s)
      Genki Namba, Yuuki Miura, Yoshitane Imai, Ryo Inoue, Yasuhiro Morisaki
    • Journal Title

      Chem. Eur. J.

      Volume: 26 Issue: 65 Pages: 14871-14877

    • DOI

      10.1002/chem.202003188

    • Related Report
      2020 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Synthesis and Chiroptical Properties of †- and ‡-Shaped Molecules Based on Planar Chiral [2.2]Paracyclophane2020

    • Author(s)
      Yusaku Sasai, Ryo Inoue, Yasuhiro Morisaki
    • Journal Title

      Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn

      Volume: 93 Issue: 10 Pages: 1193-1199

    • DOI

      10.1246/bcsj.20200160

    • NAID

      130007926126

    • Related Report
      2020 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Efficient Stereoselective Synthesis and Optical Properties of Heteroleptic Square-Planar Platinum(II) Complexes with Bidentate Iminopyrrolyl Ligands2020

    • Author(s)
      Ryo Inoue, Yasuhiro Morisaki
    • Journal Title

      Eur. J. Inorg. Chem.

      Volume: - Issue: 41 Pages: 3959-3966

    • DOI

      10.1002/ejic.202000689

    • Related Report
      2020 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Control of Circularly Polarized Luminescence by Orientation of Stacked π-Electron Systems2019

    • Author(s)
      Kikuchi, K.; Nakamura, J.; Nagata, Y.; Tsuchida, H.; Kakuta, T.; Ogoshi, T.; Morisaki, Y.
    • Journal Title

      Chem. Asian J.

      Volume: 14 Issue: 10 Pages: 1681-1685

    • DOI

      10.1002/asia.201801741

    • Related Report
      2019 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] 3.Design of Thermochromic Luminescence without Conformation and Morphology Changes by Employing the Bis-o-carborane-Substituted Benzobithiophene Structure2019

    • Author(s)
      Nishino, K.; Tanaka, K.; Morisaki, Y.; Chujo Y.
    • Journal Title

      Chem. Asian J.

      Volume: 14 Issue: 6 Pages: 789-795

    • DOI

      10.1002/asia.201801529

    • Related Report
      2019 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Presentation] Circularly Polarized Luminescence Emitting Organic Materials Based on Planar Chiral Molecules2023

    • Author(s)
      Yasuhiro Morisaki
    • Organizer
      The 4th Materials Research Society of Thailand International Conference
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] 円偏光発光特性ビニルポリマーの合成2023

    • Author(s)
      市村真子・森田柊平・井上僚・森崎泰弘
    • Organizer
      日本化学会第103春季年会
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 面性不斉[2.2]パラシクロファンを基盤とする円偏光発光性有機-無機ハイブリッドの合成と物性評価2023

    • Author(s)
      井上琴絵・井上僚・森崎泰弘
    • Organizer
      日本化学会第103春季年会
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] π拡張[2.2]パラシクロファン類の合成と物性評価2023

    • Author(s)
      梁川明日香・井上僚・森崎泰弘
    • Organizer
      日本化学会第103春季年会
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 面性不斉[2.2]パラシクロファンを鍵骨格とする光学活性分子の合成と円偏光発光2022

    • Author(s)
      森崎泰弘
    • Organizer
      第5回CREST研究推進講演会
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Invited
  • [Presentation] 水素結合性有機フレームワーク(HOF)構築を志向したカルボキシ基を有する光学活性[2.2]パラシクロファンの合成2022

    • Author(s)
      雪本俊・井上僚・森崎泰弘
    • Organizer
      第42回有機合成若手セミナー
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 面性不斉元素ブロックを用いるπ電子系積層環状オリゴマーの合成と円偏光発光2022

    • Author(s)
      森崎泰弘・田中健太郎・森崎葵・井上僚
    • Organizer
      第71回高分子討論会
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 水素結合性有機フレームワーク(HOF)構築を志向したカルボキシ基を有する光学活性[2.2]パラシクロファンの合成と物性2022

    • Author(s)
      雪本俊・井上僚・森崎泰弘
    • Organizer
      第32回基礎有機化学討論会
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 面性不斉[2.2]パラシクロファンを用いたヘリセン積層分子の合成2022

    • Author(s)
      梁川明日香・井上僚・森崎泰弘
    • Organizer
      第32回基礎有機化学討論会
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Synthesis of Optically Active Molecules Based on Planar Chiral [2.2]Paracyclophanes: Control of Other Chiralities by the Planar Chirality2022

    • Author(s)
      Yasuhiro Morisaki
    • Organizer
      International Congress on Pure & Applied Chemistry
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] 面性不斉[2.2]パラシクロファンを基盤とする光学活性V字型分子の合成と物性評価2022

    • Author(s)
      松村 健世・井上 僚・森崎 泰弘
    • Organizer
      日本化学会第102春季年会
    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 光学活性bis-(para)-pseudo-ortho四置換[2.2]パラシクロファンを用いたπ電子系積層X字型分子の合成とキロプティカル特性評価2022

    • Author(s)
      小川 夏奈・井上 僚・森崎 泰弘
    • Organizer
      日本化学会第102春季年会
    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 凝集誘起円偏光発光特性を示す光学活性X字型分子の合成2022

    • Author(s)
      竺原圭史・井上僚・森崎泰弘
    • Organizer
      日本化学会第102春季年会
    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 凝集誘起円偏光発光特性を示す光学活性X字型分子の合成2021

    • Author(s)
      竺原圭史・井上僚・森崎泰弘
    • Organizer
      第31回基礎有機化学討論会
    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 面性不斉[2.2]パラシクロファンを用いる光学活性#型分子の合成とキロプティカル特性2021

    • Author(s)
      森崎葵・井上僚・森崎泰弘
    • Organizer
      第31回基礎有機化学討論会
    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 異種π電子系積層光学活性V字型分子の合成とキロプティカル特性2021

    • Author(s)
      田畑大希・井上僚・森崎泰弘
    • Organizer
      第31回基礎有機化学討論会
    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 面性不斉[2.2]パラシクロファンを用いるヘリセン積層分子の合成:面性不斉 による螺旋性不斉の制御2021

    • Author(s)
      土屋幹貴・井上僚・森崎泰弘
    • Organizer
      第31回基礎有機化学討論会
    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 面性不斉[2.2]パラシクロファンを用いる光学活性オリゴフェニレン積層分子の合成2021

    • Author(s)
      梁川明日香・井上僚・森崎泰弘
    • Organizer
      第31回基礎有機化学討論会
    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 面性不斉元素ブロックの合成と円偏光発光2021

    • Author(s)
      森崎泰弘
    • Organizer
      第70回高分子討論会
    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 面性不斉[2.2]パラシクロファンの化学:高輝度と高異方性を両立する円偏光発光性分子の創出2020

    • Author(s)
      森崎泰弘
    • Organizer
      有機合成夏期セミナー
    • Related Report
      2020 Annual Research Report
    • Invited
  • [Presentation] 面性不斉[2.2]パラシクロファンを用いたキラルなパックマン型白金二核錯体の合成とキロプティカル特性2020

    • Author(s)
      近藤利樹・井上僚・森崎泰弘
    • Organizer
      錯体化学第70回討論会
    • Related Report
      2020 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 面性不斉[2.2]パラシクロファンが創る光学活性二次構造とキロプティカル特性2020

    • Author(s)
      森崎泰弘
    • Organizer
      日本化学会第100春季年会
    • Related Report
      2019 Annual Research Report
    • Invited
  • [Presentation] Synthesis of π-Stacked Molecules Consisting of Different π-Electron Systems by Chemoselective Sonogashira-Hagihara Cross-coupling2019

    • Author(s)
      Yasuhiro Morisaki
    • Organizer
      7th Asian Conference on Coordination Chemistry
    • Related Report
      2019 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] 植物の成長を促進する高分子材料の開発:新規円偏光発光性モノマーの合成と応用2019

    • Author(s)
      森崎泰弘・森田柊平・三木仲七
    • Organizer
      第68回高分子討論会
    • Related Report
      2019 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] [2.2]パラシクロファンを含む光学活性シクロパラフェニレンの合成と物性2019

    • Author(s)
      丹波俊輔・井上僚・森崎泰弘
    • Organizer
      第30回基礎有機化学討論会
    • Related Report
      2019 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 面性不斉[2.2]パラシクロファンを用いる光学活性y型,†型,‡型分子の合成とキロプティカル特性評価2019

    • Author(s)
      笹井優作・林一陽・角田貴洋・生越友樹・森崎泰弘
    • Organizer
      第30回基礎有機化学討論会
    • Related Report
      2019 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] チオフェニル基を導入した光学活性[2.2]パラシクロファンの合成と物性2019

    • Author(s)
      難波源希・信田尚毅・稲木伸介・森崎泰弘
    • Organizer
      第30回基礎有機化学討論会
    • Related Report
      2019 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 親水性基を有する新規光学活性bis-(para)-pseudo-ortho-四置換[2.2]パラシクロファンの合成2019

    • Author(s)
      井貫優里菜・森崎泰弘
    • Organizer
      第30回基礎有機化学討論会
    • Related Report
      2019 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 新規光学活性bis-(para)-pseudo-ortho-四置換[2.2]パラシクロファンの合成と重合2019

    • Author(s)
      田中健太郎・森崎泰弘
    • Organizer
      第30回基礎有機化学討論会
    • Related Report
      2019 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 光学活性bis-(para)-pseudo-meta-四置換[2.2]パラシクロファンの合成およびπ電子系積層V字構造の構築2019

    • Author(s)
      三木仲七海・森崎泰弘
    • Organizer
      第30回基礎有機化学討論会
    • Related Report
      2019 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 光学活性[2.2]パラシクロファンからなる新規ビニルモノマーの合成と重合2019

    • Author(s)
      森田柊平・森崎泰弘
    • Organizer
      第30回基礎有機化学討論会
    • Related Report
      2019 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] ircularly Polarized Luminescence from Chiral Molecules Based on Planar Chiral [2.2]Paracyclophane2019

    • Author(s)
      Yasuhiro Morisaki
    • Organizer
      ACS Fall 2019 National Meeting & Exposition
    • Related Report
      2019 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Circularly Polarized Luminescence Materials Based on Planar Chiral [2.2]Paracyclophane2019

    • Author(s)
      Yasuhiro Morisaki
    • Organizer
      International Symposium on Advanced Polymeric Materials 2019
    • Related Report
      2019 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] Planar Chiral [2.2]Paracyclophane-based Chiral Molecules Emitting Circularly Polarized Luminescence2019

    • Author(s)
      Yasuhiro Morisaki
    • Organizer
      18th International Symposium on Novel Aromatic Compounds
    • Related Report
      2019 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Remarks] 円偏光発光材料の開発:面性不斉シクロファンが拓く材料化学

    • URL

      http://www.kg-applchem.jp/morisaki/research/planar_chiral/

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
  • [Remarks] 関西学院大学理工学部環境・応用化学科森崎研究室研究業績

    • URL

      http://www.kg-applchem.jp/morisaki/ca-research-jp/

    • Related Report
      2019 Annual Research Report

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Published: 2019-04-18   Modified: 2024-01-30  

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