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Understanding magma evolution processes based on statistical analysis of variations in magma chemical composition

Research Project

Project/Area Number 19K04026
Research Category

Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)

Allocation TypeMulti-year Fund
Section一般
Review Section Basic Section 17040:Solid earth sciences-related
Research InstitutionJapan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology

Principal Investigator

Ueki Kenta  国立研究開発法人海洋研究開発機構, 海域地震火山部門(火山・地球内部研究センター), 副主任研究員 (40646353)

Project Period (FY) 2019-04-01 – 2025-03-31
Project Status Completed (Fiscal Year 2024)
Budget Amount *help
¥4,290,000 (Direct Cost: ¥3,300,000、Indirect Cost: ¥990,000)
Fiscal Year 2021: ¥1,170,000 (Direct Cost: ¥900,000、Indirect Cost: ¥270,000)
Fiscal Year 2020: ¥1,170,000 (Direct Cost: ¥900,000、Indirect Cost: ¥270,000)
Fiscal Year 2019: ¥1,950,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,500,000、Indirect Cost: ¥450,000)
Keywordsマグマ化学組成 / 機械学習 / マグマ生成 / 火成活動 / データ駆動 / 物質循環 / データ解析 / 数値モデル / 多変量解析 / 情報科学的解析
Outline of Research at the Start

マグマ組成を用いて地球内部の物理化学条件を理解する研究は広く行われており、噴火準備過程やマグマ生成プロセス、マントル構造などの理解に貢献している。一方、これらの研究は、端成分や生成温度圧力、起源物質等「点の情報」に着目したものがほとんどであり、我々は、マグマ組成の多様性そのものを理解し切ってはいない。組成の多様性の本質の理解や、多様性をもたらすプロセスの理解はまだ発展途上である。この問題を理解する手段として、「天然マグマ化学組成バリエーションの理解」「実験マグマ化学組成バリエーションの理解と実験結果を統合・予測する数値モデル構築」の2点を、統計数理的手法に基づいた手法に基づいて進める。

Outline of Final Research Achievements

We conducted statistical data analysis of the compositional variation of various magmas. We analyzed the chemical composition and microstructure of natural samples (e.g., Ueki et al., 2020b). We constructed a database of volcanic rock chemical composition (e.g., Ueki et al., 2023). We analyzed the results of high-temperature and high-pressure experiments. We constructed thermodynamic models of hydrous magma (e.g., Ueki et al., 2020) and a model to estimate melting conditions (Ueki et al., under review). We analyzed the golobal geochemical database of volcanic rocks, discussed the relationship between tectonic setting and the magma generation process (Ueki et al., 2022), and constructed a geochemical tectono‐magmatic setting discriminator (Ueki et al., 2024).

Academic Significance and Societal Importance of the Research Achievements

本研究課題を遂行することで、機械学習に基づいてマグマ化学組成を解析する手法を確立した。まず、これまでは定性的または経験的な手法に基づいていたマグマ化学組成解析及びモデリングを定量的そして客観的に進めることが可能となった。また、多変量かつ多量のデータを取り扱う枠組みが得られた。具体的には、対象(実験または天然データ)、元素種(主要元素、微量元素、同位体)および目的(分類、特徴抽出、予測)に応じて、最適な解析手法を適用し、高精度化や地球科学的情報抽出を行った。結果は複数の論文として国内外の専門誌に公表されると共に、ウェブサイトの記事や、一般向けおよび学会発表を含む各種の講演で社会に広く発表された。

Report

(7 results)
  • 2024 Annual Research Report   Final Research Report ( PDF )
  • 2023 Research-status Report
  • 2022 Research-status Report
  • 2021 Research-status Report
  • 2020 Research-status Report
  • 2019 Research-status Report
  • Research Products

    (52 results)

All 2025 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Other

All Journal Article (14 results) (of which Int'l Joint Research: 2 results,  Peer Reviewed: 14 results,  Open Access: 12 results) Presentation (31 results) (of which Int'l Joint Research: 12 results,  Invited: 4 results) Remarks (7 results)

  • [Journal Article] Variable Upper Mantle Geochemical Processes Constrained From Independent Component Analysis of the Fizh Massif, Northern Oman Ophiolite2025

    • Author(s)
      Miki Yuto、Takazawa Eiichi、Ueki Kenta、Kuwatani Tatsu
    • Journal Title

      Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems

      Volume: 26 Issue: 3 Pages: 1-21

    • DOI

      10.1029/2024gc012134

    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Evaluation of Matrix Effects in SIMS Using Gaussian Process Regression: the case of olivine Mg isotope microanalysis2025

    • Author(s)
      Keita Itano, Kohei Fukuda, Noriko Kita, Kenta Ueki, Tatsu Kuwatani, Shotaro Akaho
    • Journal Title

      Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry

      Volume: 39 Issue: 13

    • DOI

      10.1002/rcm.10038

    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] An Introduction to SGTPPR: Sparse Geochemical Tectono‐Magmatic Setting Probabilistic MembershiP DiscriminatoR2024

    • Author(s)
      Ueki Kenta、Hino Hideitsu、Kuwatani Tatsu
    • Journal Title

      Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems

      Volume: 25 Issue: 2 Pages: 1-10

    • DOI

      10.1029/2023gc011237

    • Related Report
      2023 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] A New Geochemical Database of Kikai Caldera Eruption Products: Progress Towards Comprehensive Understanding of Kikai Caldera Magmatism2023

    • Author(s)
      上木賢太, 原口悟, 吉田健太, 桑谷立, 浜田盛久, Iona McIntosh, 宮崎隆, 羽生 毅
    • Journal Title

      BULLETIN OF THE VOLCANOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN

      Volume: 68 Issue: 1 Pages: 3-21

    • DOI

      10.18940/kazan.68.1_3

    • ISSN
      0453-4360, 2189-7182
    • Year and Date
      2023-03-31
    • Related Report
      2022 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Regression analysis and variable selection to determine the key subduction-zone parameters that determine the maximum earthquake magnitude2023

    • Author(s)
      Atsushi Nakao, Tatsu Kuwatani, Kenta Ueki, Kenta Yoshida, Taku Yutani, Hideitsu Hino, & Shotaro Akaho
    • Journal Title

      Earth, Planets and Space

      Volume: 75 Issue: 1

    • DOI

      10.1186/s40623-023-01839-y

    • Related Report
      2023 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Trace element abundance modeling with the gamma distribution for quantitative balance calculations2023

    • Author(s)
      Sanshiro Enomoto, Kenta Ueki, Tsuyoshi Iizuka, Nozomu Takeuchi, Akiko Tanaka, Hiroko Watanabe and Satoru Haraguchi
    • Journal Title

      Takashi Nakagawa, Taku Tsuchiya, Madhusoodhan Satish-Kumar, and George Helffrich (Eds.), Core-Mantle Co-Evolution: An Interdisciplinary Approach (First Edition)

      Volume: 276 Pages: 17-30

    • Related Report
      2023 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Extracting the geochemical characteristics of magmas in different global tectono-magmatic settings using sparse modeling2022

    • Author(s)
      Ueki Kenta、Hino Hideitsu、Kuwatani Tatsu
    • Journal Title

      Frontiers in Earth Science

      Volume: 10 Pages: 994580-994580

    • DOI

      10.3389/feart.2022.994580

    • Related Report
      2022 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Subduction-zone parameters that control slab behavior at the 660-km discontinuity revealed by logistic regression analysis and model selection2022

    • Author(s)
      Nakao Atsushi、Kuwatani Tatsu、Ueki Kenta、Yoshida Kenta、Yutani Taku、Hino Hideitsu、Akaho Shotaro
    • Journal Title

      Frontiers in Earth Science

      Volume: 10

    • DOI

      10.3389/feart.2022.1008058

    • Related Report
      2022 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Bayesian Modeling of the Equation of State for Liquid Iron in Earth's Outer Core2021

    • Author(s)
      Matsumura T.、Kuwayama Y.、Ueki K.、Kuwatani T.、Ando Y.、Nagata K.、Ito S.、Nagao H.
    • Journal Title

      Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth

      Volume: 126 Issue: 12 Pages: 1-10

    • DOI

      10.1029/2021jb023062

    • Related Report
      2021 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Simultaneous Analysis of Seismic Velocity and Electrical Conductivity in the Crust and the Uppermost Mantle: A Forward Model and Inversion Test Based on Grid Search2021

    • Author(s)
      Iwamori Hikaru、Ueki Kenta、Hoshide Takashi、Sakuma Hiroshi、Ichiki Masahiro、Watanabe Tohru、Nakamura Michihiko、Nakamura Hitomi、Nishizawa Tatsuji、Nakao Atsushi、Ogawa Yasuo、Kuwatani Tatsu、Nagata Kenji、Okada Tomomi、Takahashi Eiichi
    • Journal Title

      Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth

      Volume: 126 Issue: 9

    • DOI

      10.1029/2021jb022307

    • Related Report
      2021 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Oxidation during magma mixing recorded by symplectites at Kusatsu?Shirane Volcano, Central Japan2020

    • Author(s)
      Kenta Ueki, Mutsuko Inui, Kenta Matsunaga, Naoya Okamoto, Kazuki Oshio
    • Journal Title

      Earth, Planets and Space

      Volume: 72 Issue: 1 Pages: 1-12

    • DOI

      10.1186/s40623-020-01192-4

    • Related Report
      2020 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Thermodynamic modeling of hydrous-melt?olivine equilibrium using exhaustive variable selection2020

    • Author(s)
      Ueki Kenta、Kuwatani Tatsu、Okamoto Atsushi、Akaho Shotaro、Iwamori Hikaru
    • Journal Title

      Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors

      Volume: 300 Pages: 106430-106430

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.pepi.2020.106430

    • Related Report
      2019 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Geochemical Discrimination of Monazite Source Rock Based on Machine Learning Techniques and Multinomial Logistic Regression Analysis2020

    • Author(s)
      Itano Keita、Ueki Kenta、Iizuka Tsuyoshi、Kuwatani Tatsu
    • Journal Title

      Geosciences

      Volume: 10 Issue: 2 Pages: 63-63

    • DOI

      10.3390/geosciences10020063

    • Related Report
      2019 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Sparse isocon analysis: A data-driven approach for material transfer estimation2020

    • Author(s)
      Kuwatani Tatsu、Yoshida Kenta、Ueki Kenta、Oyanagi Ryosuke、Uno Masaoki、Akaho Shotaro
    • Journal Title

      Chemical Geology

      Volume: 532 Pages: 119345-119345

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.chemgeo.2019.119345

    • Related Report
      2019 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] データ駆動科学の手法による火山岩起源テクトニクスの地球化学的特徴抽出と分類器の構築2024

    • Author(s)
      上木 賢太, 日野 英逸, 桑谷 立
    • Organizer
      日本地球惑星科学連合2024年大会
    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] An interdisciplinary study to construct a stochastic crustal composition model for geoneutrino flux prediction from the Japan crust2024

    • Author(s)
      Kenta Ueki, Akiko Tanaka, Sanshiro Enomoto, Nozomu Takeuchi, Tsuyoshi Iizuka, Satoru Haraguchi, Hiroko Watanabe, Tsutomu Fukuda
    • Organizer
      AGU24
    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] 伊豆東部火山群の隠れた珪長質マグマ:斜長石斑晶の微量元素組成からの制約2024

    • Author(s)
      野澤 僚真, 石橋 秀巳, 上木 賢太, 常 青, 羽生 毅, 外西 奈津美, 安田 敦
    • Organizer
      日本地球惑星科学連合2024年大会
    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] オマーンオマントルかんらん岩の全岩微量元素組成と多変量解析によるマントルプロセスの検討2024

    • Author(s)
      三木 悠登, 高澤 栄一, 上木 賢太, 桑谷 立
    • Organizer
      日本地球惑星科学連合2024年大会
    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 多変量解析を用いたオマーンオフィオライトにおけるマントルプロセスの解釈2024

    • Author(s)
      三木 悠登, 高澤 栄一, 上木 賢太, 桑谷 立
    • Organizer
      日本地球惑星科学連合2024年大会
    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] An introduction to the geochemical database for the eruption products of the caldera-forming large eruptions in southern Kyushu2024

    • Author(s)
      Kenta Ueki, Satoru Haraguchi, Kenta Yoshida, Tatsu Kuwatani, Morihisa Hamada, Iona McIntosh, Takashi Miyazaki, Takeshi Hanyu, Ayumu Nishihara
    • Organizer
      Submarine caldera volcanoes -The cutting edge of our understanding achieved by various approaches-
    • Related Report
      2023 Research-status Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Construction of geochemical database of ejecta from volcanic activity in Aira caldera region, SW Japan2024

    • Author(s)
      Ayumu Nishihara, Kenta Ueki, Satoru Haraguchi, Morihisa Hamada, Takeshi Hanyu
    • Organizer
      Submarine caldera volcanoes -The cutting edge of our understanding achieved by various approaches-
    • Related Report
      2023 Research-status Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Magma sources and variability at Kikai Caldera, SW Japan pre-, syn- and post calderagenic eruptions2024

    • Author(s)
      Maria Luisa G. Tejada, Takeshi Hanyu, Takashi Miyazaki, Morihisa Hamada, Qing Chang, Tomoki Sato, Iona McIntosh, Kenta Ueki, Bogdan Vaglarov, Nobukazu Seama, Katsuya Kaneko, Reina Nakaoka, Koji Kiyosugi, Keiko Suzuki-Kamata, Yoshiyuki Tatsumi, Osamu Ishizuka
    • Organizer
      Submarine caldera volcanoes -The cutting edge of our understanding achieved by various approaches-
    • Related Report
      2023 Research-status Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] 角閃石斑晶の微量元素から推定する東伊豆単成火山群カワゴ平火山の流紋岩マグマの成因2023

    • Author(s)
      上木賢太, 石橋秀巳, 諏訪由起子, 常青, 羽生毅
    • Organizer
      日本地球惑星科学連合2023年大会
    • Related Report
      2023 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] 伊豆大室山の斜長石中の流紋岩質メルト包有物の微量元素組成2023

    • Author(s)
      野澤僚真, 石橋秀巳, 上木賢太, 常青, 羽生毅, 外西奈津美, 安田敦
    • Organizer
      火山学会2023年度秋季大会
    • Related Report
      2023 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] 日本列島の地質を構成する各岩相の化学組成分布から見る、データの統計的特徴と区分の妥当性2023

    • Author(s)
      原口悟, 岩森光, 上木賢太
    • Organizer
      日本地球惑星科学連合2023年大会
    • Related Report
      2023 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] データ科学に基づく全地球ダイナミクス理解2022

    • Author(s)
      上木賢太
    • Organizer
      日本情報地質学会シンポジウム2022「新情報地質学:情報地質学の発展Ⅱ」
    • Related Report
      2022 Research-status Report
    • Invited
  • [Presentation] Relationship Between Maximum Earthquake Magnitudes and Subduction-zone Parameters Revealed by Multiple Regression Analysis and Exhaustive Variable Selection2022

    • Author(s)
      Atsushi Nakao, Tatsu Kuwatani, Kenta Ueki, Kenta Yoshida, Taku Yutani, Hideitsu Hino, Shotaro Akaho
    • Organizer
      AOGS2022
    • Related Report
      2022 Research-status Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] 化学組成データベース構築に基づく鬼界カルデラの火成活動の理解2022

    • Author(s)
      上木賢太, 原口悟, 吉田健太, 桑谷立, 浜田盛久, Iona McIntosh, 宮崎隆, 羽生 毅
    • Organizer
      火山学会2022年度秋季大会
    • Related Report
      2022 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] 非負値分解による火山岩主要元素端成分の抽出2022

    • Author(s)
      上木賢太, 吉田健太, 桑谷立, 赤穂昭太郎
    • Organizer
      日本地球惑星科学連合2022年大会
    • Related Report
      2022 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] 日本列島の岩相ごとの面積比と化学組成データが示す、日本列島弧の地球化学的特徴の理解に当たっての現状と課題2022

    • Author(s)
      原口 悟, 上木 賢太, 岩森 光
    • Organizer
      日本地球惑星科学連合2022年大会
    • Related Report
      2022 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] 沈み込むプレートのスタグネーション/ペネトレーションと沈み込み帯パラメタを関係づける回帰分析とモデル選択2022

    • Author(s)
      中尾篤史, 桑谷立, 上木賢太, 吉田健太, 油谷拓, 日野英逸, 赤穂昭太郎
    • Organizer
      日本地球惑星科学連合2022年大会
    • Related Report
      2022 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] 単斜輝石リムを持つシンプレクタイトが示す草津白根山の非平衡マグマ混合プロセス2021

    • Author(s)
      上木賢太, 松丸真奈美, 乾睦子
    • Organizer
      火山学会2021年度秋季大会
    • Related Report
      2021 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] メルト主要元素組成を用いたマントル部分溶融度計算モデルの構築2021

    • Author(s)
      上木賢太, 原口悟, 岩森光
    • Organizer
      日本地球惑星科学連合2021年大会
    • Related Report
      2021 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] Bayesian modeling of the equation-of-state by integration of various data sets for liquid iron in Earth’s outer core2021

    • Author(s)
      松村太郎次郎, 桑山靖弘, 上木賢太, 桑谷立, 安藤康伸, 永田賢二, 伊藤伸一, 長尾大道
    • Organizer
      日本地球惑星科学連合2021年大会
    • Related Report
      2021 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] 地震の最大マグニチュードと沈み込み帯パラメタを関係づける回帰分析2021

    • Author(s)
      中尾篤史, 桑谷立, 上木賢太, 吉田健太, 油谷拓, 日野英逸, 赤穂昭太郎
    • Organizer
      日本地震学会2021年度秋季大会
    • Related Report
      2021 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] 教師なし学習を用いた珪長質火成岩微量元素データのソフトクラスタリング2021

    • Author(s)
      油谷拓, 桑谷立, 吉田健太, 上木賢太, 中尾篤史, 鳥海光弘, 平野直人
    • Organizer
      日本地質学会第128年学術大会
    • Related Report
      2021 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] Compositional and statistical characteristics of the crust along the Japan arc2021

    • Author(s)
      Hikaru Iwamori, Satoru Haraguchi, Kenta Ueki
    • Organizer
      AOGS2021 virtual
    • Related Report
      2021 Research-status Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] Quantitative evaluation of the geochemical correlation length within the single granitic body, toward the error estimation of geoneutrino flux from the Japanese crust2020

    • Author(s)
      上木賢太, 南一輝, 武多昭道, 飯塚毅, 榎本三四郎, 竹内希, 田中宏幸
    • Organizer
      JPGU-AGU joint meeting 2020
    • Related Report
      2020 Research-status Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Metamorphic Evolution of Subducting Sediments Detected by Sparse-Modelling2020

    • Author(s)
      Kenta Yoshida, Tatsu Kuwatani, Kenta Ueki, Ryosuke Oyanagi and Shotaro Akaho
    • Organizer
      Goldschmidt Virtual 2020
    • Related Report
      2020 Research-status Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] 岩石組成の統計的特徴量の東西比較による、日本列島島弧の地球化学形成過程の理解2020

    • Author(s)
      原口悟, 上木賢太, 岩森光
    • Organizer
      JPGU-AGU joint meeting 2020
    • Related Report
      2020 Research-status Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] データ科学の手法による地球化学データ解析2019

    • Author(s)
      上木賢太
    • Organizer
      日本地球惑星科学連合2019年大会
    • Related Report
      2019 Research-status Report
    • Invited
  • [Presentation] Feature Selection of Magmatic Tectonic Settings Based on Sparse Multinomial Regression2019

    • Author(s)
      Kenta Ueki, Hideitsu Hino, Tatsu Kuwatani
    • Organizer
      Asia Oceania Geosciences Society 16th Annual Meeting (AOGS2019)
    • Related Report
      2019 Research-status Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Geochemical database of Japanese islands based on published domestic data: standardization of data and high-precision location coordinates2019

    • Author(s)
      Satoru Haraguchi, Kenta Ueki, Kenta Yoshida, Tatsu Kuwatani, Mika Mohamed, Hikaru Iwamori
    • Organizer
      American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting 2019
    • Related Report
      2019 Research-status Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Estimation of material transfer from compositional datasets using sparse modeling2019

    • Author(s)
      Tatsu Kuwatani, Kenta Yoshida, Kenta Ueki, Ryosuke Oyanagi, Masaoki Uno, Shotaro Akaho
    • Organizer
      Asia Oceania Geosciences Society 16th Annual Meeting (AOGS2019)
    • Related Report
      2019 Research-status Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] スパースモデリングによる様々なテクトニクス場のマグマ化学組成の特徴抽出2019

    • Author(s)
      上木賢太, 日野英逸, 桑谷立
    • Organizer
      日本地球惑星科学連合2019年大会
    • Related Report
      2019 Research-status Report
  • [Remarks] データサイエンスで解き明かすマグマ活動とプレートテクトニクスの関係

    • URL

      https://www.jamstec.go.jp/j/pr/topics/column-20241024/

    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
  • [Remarks] Aira caldera database

    • URL

      https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.25211165

    • Related Report
      2023 Research-status Report
  • [Remarks] 姶良カルデラデータベース

    • URL

      https://www.jamstec.go.jp/rimg/j/database/aira/

    • Related Report
      2023 Research-status Report
  • [Remarks] SGTPPR

    • URL

      https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8323122

    • Related Report
      2023 Research-status Report
  • [Remarks] JAMSTEC鬼界カルデラデータベース

    • URL

      https://www.jamstec.go.jp/rimg/j/database/kazan/

    • Related Report
      2022 Research-status Report
  • [Remarks] Kikai Geochemical Database

    • URL

      https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Kikai_Geochemical_Database/20066630

    • Related Report
      2022 Research-status Report
  • [Remarks] 海と地球の情報誌『Blue Earth』162号電子版

    • URL

      http://www.jamstec.go.jp/j/pr/topics/162/20200218160603/

    • Related Report
      2019 Research-status Report

URL: 

Published: 2019-04-18   Modified: 2026-01-16  

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