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Rural resource management and the state in Africa: A comparative analysis of Ghana and Rwanda

Research Project

Project/Area Number 19KK0031
Research Category

Fund for the Promotion of Joint International Research (Fostering Joint International Research (B))

Allocation TypeMulti-year Fund
Review Section Medium-sized Section 6:Political science and related fields
Research InstitutionTokyo University of Foreign Studies

Principal Investigator

Takeuchi Shinichi  東京外国語大学, 大学院総合国際学研究院, 教授 (60450459)

Co-Investigator(Kenkyū-buntansha) 千年 篤  東京農工大学, (連合)農学研究科(研究院), 教授 (10307233)
桐越 仁美  国士舘大学, 文学部, 講師 (70793157)
Project Period (FY) 2019-10-07 – 2023-03-31
Project Status Completed (Fiscal Year 2022)
Budget Amount *help
¥18,330,000 (Direct Cost: ¥14,100,000、Indirect Cost: ¥4,230,000)
Fiscal Year 2022: ¥5,980,000 (Direct Cost: ¥4,600,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,380,000)
Fiscal Year 2021: ¥6,370,000 (Direct Cost: ¥4,900,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,470,000)
Fiscal Year 2020: ¥5,330,000 (Direct Cost: ¥4,100,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,230,000)
Fiscal Year 2019: ¥650,000 (Direct Cost: ¥500,000、Indirect Cost: ¥150,000)
Keywordsアフリカ / 伝統的権威 / 農村 / 政治体制 / 土地 / 政策 / 国家 / 政党 / 資源管理 / コミュニティ / 土地法 / 所有権 / 地方行政 / ドナー / ガーナ / ルワンダ / 商人 / 農産物 / 農民 / 持続可能性 / 法制度改革 / ガバナンス
Outline of Research at the Start

近年アフリカ諸国では、新自由主義的経済政策、人口増加、気候変動等の影響から、土地や水など農村における資源制約が強まり、その利用や分配(広義の「管理」)が政治問題化している。従来アフリカ農村の資源管理は伝統的権威に委任される傾向にあったが、国家の関与が強まり、国家と社会がせめぎ合う場となっている。本研究の目的は、農村資源管理の比較を通じて、アフリカにおける国家社会関係変容の方向性を探ることにある。現地研究者との密接な協力に基づいて、ガーナとルワンダという対照的な統治システムを持つ国の農村資源管理を比較分析する。それにより実践的な政策課題に答えつつ、国家社会関係の再編、変容の方向性を明らかにする。

Outline of Final Research Achievements

This research aimed at comparing rural changes in Rwanda and Ghana, and focuses the role of the ruling party in Rwanda and the traditional chiefs in Ghana, respectively. This three-year project illustrated two different paths to capitalistic rural changes: in Rwanda, the rapid and drastic agricultural commercialization and the dismantlement of subsistence economy have been observed under the initiative of the party-state regime; in Ghana, the traditional chiefs have played an important role as promoters of the primitive accumulation in the much longer process of commercialization.

Academic Significance and Societal Importance of the Research Achievements

ルワンダとガーナという対照的な二ヵ国を比較し、アフリカで急速に進む農村変容の実態を、主導するアクターの違いを踏まえて描き出した。農村変容を国家と関連付けて分析し、従来別々に進められる傾向があったミクロとマクロの研究を接続したところに、本研究の重要な学術的意義がある。英文書籍出版やガーナ大学との共同セミナーを通じて、研究成果普及や学術ネットワーク構築にも成果を上げた。

Report

(5 results)
  • 2022 Annual Research Report   Final Research Report ( PDF )
  • 2021 Research-status Report
  • 2020 Research-status Report
  • 2019 Research-status Report
  • Research Products

    (83 results)

All 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Other

All Int'l Joint Research (18 results) Journal Article (24 results) (of which Int'l Joint Research: 2 results,  Peer Reviewed: 8 results,  Open Access: 9 results) Presentation (16 results) (of which Int'l Joint Research: 8 results,  Invited: 1 results) Book (6 results) Remarks (13 results) Funded Workshop (6 results)

  • [Int'l Joint Research] University of Ghana/University for Development Studies(ガーナ)

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] Universite de Yaounde I/CIFOR(カメルーン)

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] University of Cape Town(南アフリカ)

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] Eduardo Mondlane University(モザンビーク)

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] University of Kisangani(コンゴ民主共和国)

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research]

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] University of Ghana(ガーナ)

    • Related Report
      2021 Research-status Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] PIASS/Institut Catholique du Kabgai(ルワンダ)

    • Related Report
      2021 Research-status Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] University of Johannessburg/University of Cape Town/Stellenbosch University(南アフリカ)

    • Related Report
      2021 Research-status Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] University of Leeds/SOAS(英国)

    • Related Report
      2021 Research-status Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] University of Makerere/MUST(ウガンダ)

    • Related Report
      2021 Research-status Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research]

    • Related Report
      2021 Research-status Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] CIFOR/University of Yaounde(カメルーン)

    • Related Report
      2019 Research-status Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] University of Ghana(ガーナ)

    • Related Report
      2019 Research-status Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] University of Cape Town(南アフリカ)

    • Related Report
      2019 Research-status Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] PIASS(ルワンダ)

    • Related Report
      2019 Research-status Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] Eduardo Mondlane University(モザンビーク)

    • Related Report
      2019 Research-status Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research]

    • Related Report
      2019 Research-status Report
  • [Journal Article] 第2章 現代世界の諸地域 北アフリカ・サブサハラアフリカ―対照的な地域を比較2023

    • Author(s)
      桐越仁美
    • Journal Title

      『地理探求教師用指導書』,二宮書店

      Volume: - Pages: 251-259

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] サバンナの生活とモロコシ酒2023

    • Author(s)
      桐越仁美
    • Journal Title

      VESTA

      Volume: 130 Pages: 36-39

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] 商業ネットワーク(アフリカ)2023

    • Author(s)
      桐越仁美
    • Journal Title

      イスラーム文化事典編集委員会編『イスラーム文化事典』,丸善出版

      Volume: - Pages: 101-101

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] 地球上の多様な自然と人々の営み2023

    • Author(s)
      桐越仁美
    • Journal Title

      公益社団法人日本地理学会編『地理学事典』,丸善出版

      Volume: - Pages: 80-81

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] The Impact of Elite Farmers on Cocoa Pests and Diseases in Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire2022

    • Author(s)
      Adams Aziz Abdulai, Motoi Kusadokoro, Atsushi Chitose, Masaaki Yamada
    • Journal Title

      Journal of Rural Problems

      Volume: 58 Issue: 3 Pages: 111-121

    • DOI

      10.7310/arfe.58.111

    • ISSN
      0388-8525, 2185-9973
    • Year and Date
      2022-09-25
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Japan’s Peace Policy in Africa2022

    • Author(s)
      Shinichi Takeuchi
    • Journal Title

      ASC-TUFS Working Papers

      Volume: 2 Issue: 0 Pages: 23-41

    • DOI

      10.51062/ascwp.2.0_23

    • ISSN
      2436-1542, 2436-1607
    • Year and Date
      2022-03-15
    • Related Report
      2021 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] The Trans-region Movement of Seasonal Labour in Ghana2022

    • Author(s)
      Kirikoshi, H.
    • Journal Title

      ASC-TUFS Working Papers

      Volume: 2 Issue: 0 Pages: 179-204

    • DOI

      10.51062/ascwp.2.0_179

    • ISSN
      2436-1542, 2436-1607
    • Year and Date
      2022-03-15
    • Related Report
      2021 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] 中部アフリカ―ポストコロニアル国家の生成史2022

    • Author(s)
      武内進一
    • Journal Title

      永原陽子(責任編集)『岩波講座世界歴史18 アフリカ諸地域 ~20世紀』岩波書店

      Volume: - Pages: 175-197

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] アフリカの平和に向けた日本の政策と実践2022

    • Author(s)
      武内進一
    • Journal Title

      国際問題

      Volume: 707 Pages: 5-14

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] 「アフリカビジネスのフロンティア性」2022

    • Author(s)
      武内進一
    • Journal Title

      海外投融資

      Volume: 31(4) Pages: 3-6

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] アフリカ諸国はロシアに忖度しているのか―非同盟運動と合理的な『あいまい戦略』2022

    • Author(s)
      武内進一
    • Journal Title

      外交

      Volume: 75 Pages: 56-61

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Pinning the TICAD along the idealism and realism axis.2022

    • Author(s)
      Shinichi Takeuchi
    • Journal Title

      East Asia Forum

      Volume: -

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Policy Concepts and Normative Rationales in Japan’s Foreign Aid: Human Security, TICAD, and Free and Open Indo-Pacific2022

    • Author(s)
      Shinichi Takeuchi
    • Journal Title

      International Development Cooperation of Japan and South Korea: New Strategies for an Uncertain World (H-J Kwon et al. eds.)

      Volume: - Pages: 3-22

    • Related Report
      2021 Research-status Report
  • [Journal Article] 植民地主義の見直し―ヨーロッパとアフリカ2022

    • Author(s)
      武内進一
    • Journal Title

      『ブラック・ライヴズ・マターから学ぶ アメリカからグローバル世界へ 』(武内・中山編)

      Volume: - Pages: 344-363

    • Related Report
      2021 Research-status Report
  • [Journal Article] ガーナ国内における季節労働の実態:アッパー・ウェスト州からの州外移住に着目して2022

    • Author(s)
      桐越仁美
    • Journal Title

      国士舘人文学

      Volume: 54 Pages: 41-64

    • Related Report
      2021 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Introduction: Drastic Rural Changes in the Age of Land Reform2021

    • Author(s)
      Shinichi Takeuchi
    • Journal Title

      African Land Reform Under Economic Liberalisation: States, Chiefs, and Rural Communities. Springer

      Volume: - Pages: 1-20

    • DOI

      10.1007/978-981-16-4725-3_1

    • ISBN
      9789811647246, 9789811647253
    • Related Report
      2021 Research-status Report
    • Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Land Law Reform and Complex State-Building Process in Rwanda2021

    • Author(s)
      Shinichi Takeuchi、Marara Jean
    • Journal Title

      African Land Reform Under Economic Liberalisation: States, Chiefs, and Rural Communities. Springer

      Volume: - Pages: 137-152

    • DOI

      10.1007/978-981-16-4725-3_7

    • ISBN
      9789811647246, 9789811647253
    • Related Report
      2021 Research-status Report
    • Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] 第六章 日本の国際政治におけるアフリカ2021

    • Author(s)
      武内進一
    • Journal Title

      国際政治

      Volume: 204 Pages: 109-116

    • Related Report
      2020 Research-status Report
  • [Journal Article] 近年のアフリカ政治経済2020

    • Author(s)
      武内進一
    • Journal Title

      地理

      Volume: (65)4 Pages: 64-70

    • Related Report
      2020 Research-status Report 2019 Research-status Report
  • [Journal Article] ルワンダ―紛争後の急成長とその課題2020

    • Author(s)
      武内進一
    • Journal Title

      地理

      Volume: (65)11 Pages: 72-78

    • Related Report
      2020 Research-status Report
  • [Journal Article] アフリカ研究者の紛争研究―日本の国際政治学と紛争研究2020

    • Author(s)
      武内進一
    • Journal Title

      国際政治

      Volume: 200 Pages: 23-36

    • Related Report
      2019 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] コンゴ民主共和国の歴史と紛争―難民発生要因の見取り図2020

    • Author(s)
      武内進一
    • Journal Title

      難民研究ジャーナル

      Volume: 8 Pages: 16-33

    • Related Report
      2019 Research-status Report
  • [Journal Article] 「ルワンダの奇跡」後の課題2019

    • Author(s)
      武内進一
    • Journal Title

      外交

      Volume: 56 Pages: 50-55

    • Related Report
      2019 Research-status Report
  • [Journal Article] Tree Shape Classification and Land Management by Hausa Farmers in Sahel Region of Southern Niger2019

    • Author(s)
      KIRIKOSHI, Hitomi
    • Journal Title

      African Study Monographs. Supplementary Issue.

      Volume: 58 Pages: 55-67

    • DOI

      10.14989/244119

    • NAID

      120006724644

    • ISSN
      0286-9667
    • Related Report
      2019 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Presentation] African states, rural resource management, and development: Implications of Rwanda’s developmentalism2023

    • Author(s)
      Shinichi Takeuchi
    • Organizer
      University of Ghana and Tokyo University of Foreign Studies Joint Seminar on State and Rural Resource Management in Africa
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] 北から南への流れを捉える―ガーナの2010年人口センサスを用いて2022

    • Author(s)
      桐越仁美・牛久晴香
    • Organizer
      日本アフリカ学会第59回学術大会
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] International Relations and African Studies in Japan: With special focus on historical and institutional factors2022

    • Author(s)
      Shinichi Takeuchi
    • Organizer
      International Studies Association
    • Related Report
      2021 Research-status Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] アフリカ研究からブラック・ライヴズ・マターを考える―地域研究への示唆2021

    • Author(s)
      武内進一
    • Organizer
      JCAS年次総会一般公開シンポジウム
    • Related Report
      2021 Research-status Report
    • Invited
  • [Presentation] 今日のアフリカにおける土地紛争の背後にあるもの2021

    • Author(s)
      武内進一
    • Organizer
      日本平和学会2021年度秋季研究大会
    • Related Report
      2021 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] Policy Concepts and Normative Rationales in Japan’s Foreign Aid ―Human Security, TICAD, and Free and Open Indo-Pacific2021

    • Author(s)
      Shinichi Takeuchi
    • Organizer
      国際開発学会第32回全国大会
    • Related Report
      2021 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] The Impact of Elite Farmers on Cocoa Pests and Diseases in Ghana and Cote d’Ivoire2021

    • Author(s)
      Adams Aziz Abdulai1, Motoi Kusadokoro, Atsushi Chitose, and Masaaki Yamada
    • Organizer
      71st Annual Meeting of the Association of Regional Agriculture and Forestry Economics
    • Related Report
      2021 Research-status Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Provision of Loan and Credit by Buyers under Non-price Competition: Cocoa Beans Market in Ghana2021

    • Author(s)
      Sylvia Kpabitey, Atsushi Chitose, and Motoi Kusadokoro
    • Organizer
      71st Annual Meeting of the Association of Regional Agriculture and Forestry Economics
    • Related Report
      2021 Research-status Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Japan’s Peace Policy for Africa: Discussion Towards TICAD VIII2021

    • Author(s)
      Shinichi Takeuchi
    • Organizer
      ASC-TUFS 5th Anniversary International Symposium
    • Related Report
      2021 Research-status Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] The Trans-Region Movement of Seasonal Labour in Ghana: Settlement Formation of Populations in the Upper West Region and Trade Network2021

    • Author(s)
      Hitomi Kirikoshi
    • Organizer
      ASC-TUFS 5th Anniversary International Symposium
    • Related Report
      2021 Research-status Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] 西アフリカのムスリム商人による中国商人への商業ネットワーク拡大過程に関する考察2021

    • Author(s)
      桐越仁美
    • Organizer
      日本地理学会
    • Related Report
      2020 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] Cleaning the City, Greening the Land: Sustainable City and Land Management in Sahel, West Africa.2020

    • Author(s)
      桐越仁美
    • Organizer
      International Conference on Geographical Science for Resilient Communities, Ecosystems and Livelihoods under Global Environmental Change (GORILLA)
    • Related Report
      2020 Research-status Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Land Law Reform and State-building in Rwanda2020

    • Author(s)
      Shinichi Takeuchi & Jean Marara
    • Organizer
      PIASS-TUFS Joint Seminar on Resource Management and Development. Huye, Rwanda
    • Related Report
      2019 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] Rwanda’s land law reform: Its implications for the landscape change2019

    • Author(s)
      Shinichi Takeuchi
    • Organizer
      Global Landscape Forum
    • Related Report
      2019 Research-status Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Consequences of the land tenure reform: The case of Rwanda.2019

    • Author(s)
      Shinichi Takeuchi
    • Organizer
      Consequences of land tenure reform in Africa (94th KUASS, 12th KU-TUFS Seminar)
    • Related Report
      2019 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] 西アフリカ商人と域外商人の接続―現代ガーナにおける商人のキャリア形成を事例に2019

    • Author(s)
      桐越仁美
    • Organizer
      日本アフリカ学会第56回学術大会
    • Related Report
      2019 Research-status Report
  • [Book] ブラック・ライヴズ・マターから学ぶ アメリカからグローバル世界へ2022

    • Author(s)
      武内進一・中山智香子
    • Total Pages
      384
    • Publisher
      東京外国語大学出版会
    • ISBN
      9784904575949
    • Related Report
      2021 Research-status Report
  • [Book] African Land Reform Under Economic Liberalisation - States, Chiefs, and Rural Communities2021

    • Author(s)
      Shinichi Takeuchi
    • Publisher
      Springer
    • ISBN
      9789811647246
    • Related Report
      2021 Research-status Report
  • [Book] Development and Subsistence in Globalising Africa: Beyond the Dichotomy2021

    • Author(s)
      Motoki Takahashi, Shuichi Oyama, and Herinjatovo Aime Ramiarison (eds.)
    • Total Pages
      409
    • Publisher
      Langaa RPCIG
    • ISBN
      9789956551576
    • Related Report
      2020 Research-status Report
  • [Book] African Politics of Survival Extraversion and Informality in the Contemporary World2021

    • Author(s)
      Mitsugi Endo, Ato Kwamena Onoma and Michael Neocosmos
    • Total Pages
      290
    • Publisher
      Langaa RPCIG
    • ISBN
      9789956551682
    • Related Report
      2020 Research-status Report
  • [Book] 紛争と葛藤の心理学(武内進一「紛争後のルワンダに見る和解の可能性と課題―ガチャチャを中心に」)2019

    • Author(s)
      大淵 憲一
    • Total Pages
      323
    • Publisher
      サイエンス社
    • ISBN
      9784781913490
    • Related Report
      2019 Research-status Report
  • [Book] 応答する「移動と場所」 : 21世紀の社会を読み解く(武内進一「アフリカ人移民の背景にあるもの―農村社会の変容と国家建設」)2019

    • Author(s)
      伊豫谷 登士翁、吉原 直樹、飯笹 佐代子
    • Total Pages
      268
    • Publisher
      ハーベスト社
    • ISBN
      9784863391109
    • Related Report
      2019 Research-status Report
  • [Remarks] UG-TUFS共同セミナー2023(ガーナ大学と東京外国語大学の共同セミナー)

    • URL

      http://www.tufs.ac.jp/asc/events/others/UG-TUFSSeminar2023.html

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
  • [Remarks] 書籍刊行記念セミナー

    • URL

      http://www.tufs.ac.jp/asc/events/ascseminar/210907ASCSeminar61.html

    • Related Report
      2021 Research-status Report
  • [Remarks] ASC-TUFS創設5周年記念国際シンポジウム

    • URL

      http://www.tufs.ac.jp/asc/events/others/2111035thIntlSympo.html

    • Related Report
      2021 Research-status Report
  • [Remarks] センター刊行物ASC-TUFS Working PapersVolume 2 (2022)

    • URL

      http://www.tufs.ac.jp/asc/activities/ascpublications/wp/220315WP02.html

    • Related Report
      2021 Research-status Report
  • [Remarks] Book launch seminar

    • URL

      http://www.tufs.ac.jp/asc/english/events/ascseminar/210907ASCSeminar61.html

    • Related Report
      2021 Research-status Report
  • [Remarks] ASC-TUFS 5th Anniversary International Symposium

    • URL

      http://www.tufs.ac.jp/asc/english/events/others/2111035thIntlSympo.html

    • Related Report
      2021 Research-status Report
  • [Remarks] 【書籍】『ASC-TUFS Working Papers Volume1 (2021)』

    • URL

      http://www.tufs.ac.jp/asc/activities/ascpublications/210315ASC-TUFSWP01.html

    • Related Report
      2020 Research-status Report
  • [Remarks] アフリカの農村資源管理と国家―ガーナとルワンダの比較研究

    • URL

      http://www.tufs.ac.jp/asc/activities/project/19KK0031.html

    • Related Report
      2020 Research-status Report
  • [Remarks] ルワンダで国際セミナーを開催しました

    • URL

      http://www.tufs.ac.jp/asc/activities/2002PIASS-TUFSSeminarReport.html

    • Related Report
      2019 Research-status Report
  • [Remarks] International Seminar in Rwanda

    • URL

      http://www.tufs.ac.jp/asc/english/activities//2002PIASS-TUFSSeminarReport.html

    • Related Report
      2019 Research-status Report
  • [Remarks] 【Book Publication】ASC-TUFS Working Papers 2019

    • URL

      http://www.tufs.ac.jp/asc/english/activities/publications/2003WorkingPapers2019.html

    • Related Report
      2019 Research-status Report
  • [Remarks] コジョ・セバスチャン・アマノールKojo Sebastian Amanor

    • URL

      http://www.tufs.ac.jp/asc/about/staff/KojoSebastianAmanor.html

    • Related Report
      2019 Research-status Report
  • [Remarks] 招へい者が京都大学のセミナーで報告します

    • URL

      http://www.tufs.ac.jp/asc/news/191119KU-TUFSSeminar12.html

    • Related Report
      2019 Research-status Report
  • [Funded Workshop] University of Ghana and Tokyo University of Foreign Studies Joint Seminar on State and Rural Resource Management in Africa2023

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
  • [Funded Workshop] ASC-TUFS 5th Anniversary International Symposium2021

    • Related Report
      2021 Research-status Report
  • [Funded Workshop] Book Lauch Seminar: African Land Reform under Economic Liberalisation:States, Chiefs, and Rural Communities(武内進一編、Springer)2021

    • Related Report
      2021 Research-status Report
  • [Funded Workshop] PIASS-TUFS Joint Seminar on Resource Management and Development2020

    • Related Report
      2019 Research-status Report
  • [Funded Workshop] Global Landscape Forum2019

    • Related Report
      2019 Research-status Report
  • [Funded Workshop] Consequences of land tenure reform in Africa2019

    • Related Report
      2019 Research-status Report

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Published: 2019-10-10   Modified: 2024-01-30  

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