| Budget Amount *help |
¥4,420,000 (Direct Cost: ¥3,400,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,020,000)
Fiscal Year 2010: ¥1,430,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,100,000、Indirect Cost: ¥330,000)
Fiscal Year 2009: ¥1,430,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,100,000、Indirect Cost: ¥330,000)
Fiscal Year 2008: ¥1,560,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,200,000、Indirect Cost: ¥360,000)
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| Research Abstract |
The baccalaureat exam performs double duty : It certifies the completion of secondary school and serves as a university entrance exam. A major essay question, to be answered within four hours, determines whether a student passes or fails. In colleges and lycees, students learn how to express French thoughts by writing dialectic arguments and practicing oral arguments. They learn to cultivate French thoughts as intellectual heritage by citing philosophical and literary classics. By nurturing the critical and integrative skills needed for developing one's argument, students achieve two objectives via the university examination : nurturing their inheritance of tradition and developing their civic nature. "Socialization," which is primarily carried out within the boundaries of elementary education, is carried out intellectually in France through practice written exams during the latter stage of the country's secondary education.
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