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New miceller agent for antioxidation therapy based on XO inhibition using AHPP

Research Project

Project/Area Number 20590049
Research Category

Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)

Allocation TypeSingle-year Grants
Section一般
Research Field Physical pharmacy
Research InstitutionSojo University

Principal Investigator

MAEDA Hiroshi  Sojo University, 薬学部, 教授 (90004613)

Co-Investigator(Kenkyū-buntansha) FAN Jun  崇城大学, 薬学部, 准教授 (20412736)
NAKAMURA Hideaki  崇城大学, 薬学部, 助手 (30435151)
Project Period (FY) 2008 – 2010
Project Status Completed (Fiscal Year 2010)
Budget Amount *help
¥4,030,000 (Direct Cost: ¥3,100,000、Indirect Cost: ¥930,000)
Fiscal Year 2010: ¥650,000 (Direct Cost: ¥500,000、Indirect Cost: ¥150,000)
Fiscal Year 2009: ¥1,300,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,000,000、Indirect Cost: ¥300,000)
Fiscal Year 2008: ¥2,080,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,600,000、Indirect Cost: ¥480,000)
Keywordsドラッグデリバリー / XO阻害剤 / 徐放性 / DDS / 降圧剤 / 水可溶化 / NOの寿命延長 / ナノメディシン / PEG化医薬 / NOの寿命
Research Abstract

We had previously discovered that AHPP exhibited a potent inhibitory effect against xanthine oxidase (XO). The difficulty to make AHPP as pharmaceutical agent resides in poor water solubility and low MW that has short in vivo t1/2 and no targeting capacity to the diseased site.
To solve these problems we synthesized PEG-conjugate of AHPP and SMA (styrene-co-maleic acid) micelles containing AHPP. As the results, we found (1) XO inhibitory activity in vitro of both polymeric AHPP showed about 80% of that of free AHPP, and satisfactory. (2) In vivo evaluation of ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) model of liver, the polymeric AHPP showed significant effect preventing I/R induced tissue (liver) toxicity. (3) Oral administration of PEG-AHPP in lipid formation in the spontaneously hypertensive rats resulted in lowering of blood pressure to normal range. (4) The antihypertensive effect lasted even more than 24 hr after one oral administration.

Report

(4 results)
  • 2010 Annual Research Report   Final Research Report ( PDF )
  • 2009 Annual Research Report
  • 2008 Annual Research Report
  • Research Products

    (58 results)

All 2011 2010 2009 2008 Other

All Journal Article (23 results) (of which Peer Reviewed: 15 results) Presentation (25 results) Book (8 results) Patent(Industrial Property Rights) (2 results)

  • [Journal Article] History and impact of EPR effect for the nanomedicine drug developments in cancer chemotherapy2011

    • Author(s)
      H.Maeda, Y.Matsumura
    • Journal Title

      Adv.Drug Delivery Reviews (available online)

    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
  • [Journal Article] Intracellular uptake and behavior of two types zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP) micelles, SMA-ZnPP and PEG-ZnPP as anticancer agents ; Unique intracellular disintegration of SMA micelles2011

    • Author(s)
      H.Nakamura, J.Fang, B.Gahininath, K.Tsukigawa, H.Maeda
    • Journal Title

      J.Controlled Release (accepted)

    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
  • [Journal Article] History and impact of EPR effect for the nanomedicine drug developments in cancer chemotherapy2011

    • Author(s)
      H.Maeda, Y.Matsumura
    • Journal Title

      Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews

      Volume: (available online)

    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] EPR effect : the unique characteristics of tumor blood vessels for drug delivery, factors involved, its limitation and augmentation2011

    • Author(s)
      J.Fang, H.Nakamura, H.Maeda
    • Journal Title

      Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews

      Volume: (available online)

    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Intracellular uptake and behavior of two types zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP) micelles, SMA-ZnPP and PEG-ZnPP as anticancer agents ; Unique intracellular disintegration of SMA micelles2011

    • Author(s)
      H.Nakamura, J.Fang, B.Gahininath, K.Tsukigawa, H.Maeda
    • Journal Title

      J.Controlled Release

      Volume: (accepted)

    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Synthesis and evaluation of poly(styrene-co-maleic acid) micellar nanocarriers for the delivery of tanespimycin2011

    • Author(s)
      N.Larson, K.Greish, H.Bauer, H.Maeda, H.Ghandehari
    • Journal Title

      International Journal of Pharmaceutics

      Volume: (in preparation)

    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Tissue protective effect of xanthine oxidase inhibitor, polymer conjugate SMA-AHPP, on hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury2010

    • Author(s)
      J.Fang, T.Seki, H.Qin, G.Y.Bharate, A.K.Iyer, H.Maeda
    • Journal Title

      Exp.Biol.Medicine 235

      Pages: 487-496

    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
  • [Journal Article] Nitroglycerin enhances vascular blood flow and drug delivery in hypoxic tumor tissues : Analogy between angina pectoris and solid tumors and enhancement of the EPR effect2010

    • Author(s)
      Hiroshi Maeda
    • Journal Title

      J.Control Release

      Volume: 142 Pages: 296-298

    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Tumor-selective delivery of macromolecular drugs via the EPR effect : Background and future prospects2010

    • Author(s)
      Hiroshi Maeda
    • Journal Title

      Bioconjugate Chemistry

      Volume: 21 Pages: 797-802

    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Tissue protective effect of xanthine oxidase inhibitor, polymer conjugate SMA-AHPP, on hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury2010

    • Author(s)
      J.Fang, T.Seki, H.Qin, G.Y.Bharate, A.K.Iyer, H.Maeda
    • Journal Title

      Experimental Biology and Medicine

      Volume: 235 Pages: 487-496

    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Tissue protective effect of xanthine oxidase inhibitor, polymer conjugate SMA-AHPP, on hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury2010

    • Author(s)
      J.Fang, T.Seki, H.Qin, G.Y.Bharate, A.K.Iyer, H.Maeda
    • Journal Title

      Exp.Biol.and Medicine Available online(Available online)

    • Related Report
      2009 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] History and impact of EPR effect for the nanomedicine drug developments in cancer chemotherapy2010

    • Author(s)
      H.Maeda, Y.Matsumura
    • Journal Title

      Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews (in press)

    • Related Report
      2009 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Polymeric drugs and nanomedicines for efficient tumor targeted drug delivery based on EPR-effect.2009

    • Author(s)
      H.Maeda, G.Y.Bharate, J.Daruwalla
    • Journal Title

      Eur.J.Pharm.Biopharm. 71

      Pages: 409-419

    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
  • [Journal Article] SMA-copolymer conjugate of AHPP : a polymeric inhibitor of xanthineoxidase with potential antihyper tensive effect2009

    • Author(s)
      J.Fang, A.K.Iyer, H.Nakamura, T.Seki, K.Greish, H.Maeda
    • Journal Title

      J.Cont.Release 135

      Pages: 211-217

    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
  • [Journal Article] Controlling oxidative stress : therapeutic and delivery strategies.2009

    • Author(s)
      H.Maeda
    • Journal Title

      Adv.Drug Delivery Reviews 61

      Pages: 285-286

    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
  • [Journal Article] SMA-copolymer conjugate of AHPP : a polymeric inhibitor of xanthine oxidase with potential antihypertensive effect2009

    • Author(s)
      J.Fang, A.K.Iyer, H.Nakamura, T.Seki, K.Greish, H.Maeda
    • Journal Title

      Journal of Controlled Release 135

      Pages: 211-217

    • Related Report
      2009 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Controlling oxidative stress : therapeutic and delivery strategies2009

    • Author(s)
      H.Maeda
    • Journal Title

      Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 61

      Pages: 285-286

    • Related Report
      2009 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Therapeutic strategies by modulating oxygen stress in cancer and inflammation2009

    • Author(s)
      J.Fang T.Seki, H.Maeda
    • Journal Title

      Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 61

      Pages: 290-302

    • Related Report
      2009 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Polymeric drugs and nanomedicines for efficient tumor targeted drug delivery based on EPR-effect.2009

    • Author(s)
      H. Maeda, 他
    • Journal Title

      European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics 77

      Pages: 409-419

    • Related Report
      2008 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] SMA-copolymer conjugate of AHPP : a polymeric inhibitor of xanthine oxidase with potential antihypertensive effect2009

    • Author(s)
      J. Fang, 他
    • Journal Title

      Journal of Controlled Release 135

      Pages: 211-217

    • Related Report
      2008 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Controlling oxidative stress : therapeutic and delivery strategies2009

    • Author(s)
      H. Maeda
    • Journal Title

      Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 61

      Pages: 285-286

    • Related Report
      2008 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Polymeric xanthine oxidase inhibitor with antiinflammatory and antihypertensive properties : PEG-conjugated micelle of 4-amino-6-hydroxypyrazolo [3,4-d] pyrimidine (AHPP)

    • Author(s)
      G.Y.Bharate, J.Fang, H.Nakamura, K.Nakahara, T.Yamaguchi, S.Shinkai, H.Maeda
    • Journal Title

      J.Drug Targeting (in preparation)

    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
  • [Journal Article] Synthesis and evaluation of poly(styrene-co-maleic acid) micellar nanocarriers for the delivery of tanespimycin

    • Author(s)
      N.Larson, K.Greish, H.Bauer, H.Maeda, H.Ghandehari
    • Journal Title

      Bioconjugate Chemistry (in prepara-tion)

    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] Nanopa rticles of styrene-co-maleic acid (SMA) telomer containing anthracyclin and zinc-protoporphyrin (ZnPP) as new miceller anticancer agents, and SMA conjugate of AHPP, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor for oxystress diseases <Review>2011

    • Author(s)
      H.Maeda, H.Nakamura, G.Y.Bharate, K.Tsukigawa, H.Qin, J.Fang
    • Organizer
      International Conference on Biomaterials Science 2011
    • Place of Presentation
      茨城県(つくば市)
    • Year and Date
      2011-03-17
    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] Evaluation of (styrene-co-maleicacid) telomer micelles encapsulated-zinc protoporphyrin (SMA-ZnPP) : A stability study for three different types of SMA micelles2011

    • Author(s)
      G.Y.Bharate, H.Nakamura, J.Fang, B.Klumperman, S.Shinkai, H.Maeda
    • Organizer
      International Conference on Biomaterials Science 2011
    • Place of Presentation
      茨城県(つくば市)
    • Year and Date
      2011-03-17
    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] Nanoparticles of styrene-co-maleic acid (SMA) telomer containing anthracyclin and zinc-protoporphyrin (ZnPP) as new miceller anticancer agents, and SMA conjugate of AHPP, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor for oxystress diseases2011

    • Author(s)
      H.Maeda, H.Nakamura, G.Y.Bharate, K.Tsukigawa, H.Qin, J.Fang
    • Organizer
      International Conference on Biomaterials Science 2011
    • Place of Presentation
      つくば市(茨城県)(Review)
    • Year and Date
      2011-03-17
    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Evaluation of (styrene-co-maleic acid) telomer micelles encapsulated-zinc protoporphyrin (SMA-ZnPP) : A stability study for three different types of SMA micelles2011

    • Author(s)
      G.Y.Bharate, H.Nakamura, J.Fang, B.Klumperman, S.Shinkai, H.Maeda
    • Organizer
      International Conference on Biomaterials Science 2011
    • Place of Presentation
      つくば市(茨城県)
    • Year and Date
      2011-03-17
    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] The enhanced permeability and retention effect in cancer and inflammation for more selective drug delivery : Past, present and future outlook2010

    • Author(s)
      前田浩
    • Organizer
      37th Annual Meeting and Exposition of the Controlled Release Society
    • Place of Presentation
      米国(ポートランド,OR)
    • Year and Date
      2010-07-13
    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] The enhanced permeability and retention effect in cancer and inflammation for more selective drug delivery : Past, present and future outlook2010

    • Author(s)
      Hiroshi Maeda
    • Organizer
      37th Annual Meeting and Exposition of the Controlled Release Society
    • Place of Presentation
      オレゴン州ポートランド(米国)
    • Year and Date
      2010-07-13
    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] ニトロ剤による腫瘍デリバリーの増強とその臨床成績、基礎2010

    • Author(s)
      前田浩、方軍、中村秀明、J.Daruwalla
    • Organizer
      第26回日本DDS学会
    • Place of Presentation
      大阪
    • Year and Date
      2010-06-18
    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Nitroglycerin facilitates tumor drug delivery via augmentation of vascular permeability involving NO generation in the hypoxic tumor tissue2010

    • Author(s)
      H.Maeda, H.Nakamura, J.Fang
    • Organizer
      The 6th International Conference on the Biology, Chemistry, and Therapeutic Applications of Nitric Oxide
    • Place of Presentation
      京都
    • Year and Date
      2010-06-17
    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Limitations and augmentations of the EPR effect in solid tumor2010

    • Author(s)
      H.Maeda, H.Nakamura, J.Fang
    • Place of Presentation
      スペイン(バレンシア)
    • Year and Date
      2010-05-26
    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] Limitations and augmentations of the EPR effect in solid tumor2010

    • Author(s)
      H.Maeda, H.Nakamura, J.Fang
    • Organizer
      8^<th> Int'l Symposium Polymer Therapeutic
    • Place of Presentation
      バレンシア(スペイン)
    • Year and Date
      2010-05-26
    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] The EPR effect for tumor selective drug targeting : Its mechanism and future outlook2010

    • Author(s)
      Hiroshi Maeda
    • Organizer
      International Advanced Drug Delivery Symposium
    • Place of Presentation
      台湾
    • Year and Date
      2010-04-30
    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Enhanced Permeability and Retention (EPR) Effect of Solid Tumor-The Universal Mechanism for Tumor Selective Delivery Using Macromolecular Therapeutics and Beyond2009

    • Author(s)
      前田浩
    • Organizer
      USC-AAPS Moving Targets Symposium
    • Place of Presentation
      The University of Southern California, LA, USA
    • Year and Date
      2009-11-07
    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report 2009 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Enhanced Permeability and Retention (EPR) Effect of Solid Tumor-The Universal Mechanism for Tumor Selective Delivery Using Macromolecular Therapeutics and Beyond2009

    • Author(s)
      前田浩
    • Organizer
      Seminar at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
    • Place of Presentation
      Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, California, LA, USA
    • Year and Date
      2009-11-06
    • Related Report
      2009 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] SMA-copolymer conjugates of AHPP : a polymeric inhibitor of xanthine oxidase with therapeutic potentials against hypertension2009

    • Author(s)
      方軍
    • Organizer
      36th Annual Meeting & Exposition of the Controlled Release Society
    • Place of Presentation
      デンマーク(コペンハーゲン)
    • Year and Date
      2009-07-18
    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] SMA-copolymer conjugates of AHPP : a polymeric inhibitor of xanthine oxidase with therapeutic potentials against hypertension2009

    • Author(s)
      方軍
    • Organizer
      36th Annual Meeting & Exposition of the Controlled Release Society
    • Place of Presentation
      Bella Center(デンマークコペンハーゲン)
    • Year and Date
      2009-07-18
    • Related Report
      2009 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 制癌剤開発における諸問題とDDSの役割(特別講演)2009

    • Author(s)
      前田浩
    • Organizer
      第25回日本DDS学会
    • Place of Presentation
      東京ドームホテル
    • Year and Date
      2009-07-04
    • Related Report
      2009 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] フェノール化合物キャノロールの炎症性腸疾患に対する抑制効果2009

    • Author(s)
      前田浩
    • Organizer
      がん予防学会2010
    • Place of Presentation
      愛知県がんセンター
    • Year and Date
      2009-06-17
    • Related Report
      2009 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Therapeutic potentials of SMA-copolymer conjugates of AHPP against hypertension via inhibiting xanthine oxidase2009

    • Author(s)
      前田浩
    • Organizer
      The 8th Int'l Symposium on Frontiers in Biomed.Polymer
    • Place of Presentation
      静岡県三島市
    • Year and Date
      2009-05-22
    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] Therapeutic potentials of SMA-copolymer conjugates of AHPP against hypertension via inhibiting xanthine oxidase2009

    • Author(s)
      前田浩
    • Organizer
      The 8th Int'l Symposium on Frontiers in Biomed.Polymer
    • Place of Presentation
      東レ総合研修センター(静岡県三島市)
    • Year and Date
      2009-05-22
    • Related Report
      2009 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect of solid tumor - The universally mechanism for tumor selective delivery using macromolecular therapeutics and beyond2008

    • Author(s)
      前田浩
    • Organizer
      Seminar at City of Hope
    • Place of Presentation
      City of Hope, Los Angeles, USA
    • Year and Date
      2008-12-12
    • Related Report
      2008 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect of solid tumor - The universally mechanism for tumor selective delivery using macromolecular therapeutics and beyond2008

    • Author(s)
      前田浩
    • Organizer
      Seminar at Thomas Jefferson University
    • Place of Presentation
      Thomas Jefferson Univ., Philadelphia, USA
    • Year and Date
      2008-12-08
    • Related Report
      2008 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] たん白化学/SMANCS/高分子制癌剤からEPR効果の発見まで : 46年の旅路2008

    • Author(s)
      前田浩
    • Organizer
      The 4th Sojo Frontier Seminar in Pharmaceutical Sciences
    • Place of Presentation
      崇城大学
    • Year and Date
      2008-11-28
    • Related Report
      2008 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] クマイ笹高温高圧抽出物の前投与による化学発がんおよび移植がんの抑制効果2008

    • Author(s)
      関孝弘, 他
    • Organizer
      第67回日本癌学会学術総会
    • Place of Presentation
      名古屋国際会議場
    • Year and Date
      2008-10-29
    • Related Report
      2008 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Highly immunopotentiating and cancer suppressing eifect of "Vigorous" extract of Kumaizasa Bamboo leaves2008

    • Author(s)
      前田浩, 他
    • Organizer
      Italian-Japanese Joint Symposium (FITMED 2008)
    • Place of Presentation
      Salerno, Italy
    • Year and Date
      2008-06-28
    • Related Report
      2008 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 崇城大学薬学部先端的研究の紹介2008

    • Author(s)
      前田浩
    • Organizer
      日本薬学会九州支部九州薬科学研究教育薬学研究フォーラム
    • Place of Presentation
      日本薬学会「長井記念館」(東京)
    • Year and Date
      2008-03-14
    • Related Report
      2008 Annual Research Report
  • [Book] Nova Science Book Chapter(Recollections of 45 years in research : From protein chemistry to polymeric drugs to the EPR effect in cancer therapy)2011

    • Author(s)
      H. Maeda
    • Publisher
      (in press)
    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
  • [Book] Cancer Drug Delivery (ed.Kratz)(The EPR-effect in Relation to Tumor Targeting(2011

    • Author(s)
      H.Maeda
    • Publisher
      Wiley-VCH(in press)
    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
  • [Book] Recollections of 45 years in research : From protein chemistry to polymeric drugs to the EPR effect in cancer therapy In Rapidly Changing World2011

    • Author(s)
      Hiroshi Maeda
    • Publisher
      Nova Science Publishers, Inc.(in press)
    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
  • [Book] Liver tumor targeting In Drug Delivery in Oncology. From Basic Research to Cancer Therapy2011

    • Author(s)
      K.Hochdorffer, G.DiStefano, L.Fiume, H.Maeda, F.Kratz
    • Publisher
      Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.KG, Weinhein, Germany(in press)
    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
  • [Book] The EPR-effect in Relation to Tumor Targeting In Drug Delivery in Oncology. From Basic Research to Cancer Therapy2010

    • Author(s)
      H.Maeda
    • Publisher
      Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.KG, Weinhein, Germany(in press)
    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
  • [Book] Pharm.Perspective of Cancers Therapeutics (eds.Y.Lu and R.I.Mahato)(Tumor targeted macromolecular drug delivery based on the enhanced permeability and retention effect in solid tumor.)2009

    • Author(s)
      T.Seki, J.Fang, H.Maeda
    • Publisher
      AAPS Springer Press, New York
    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
  • [Book] Tumor targeted macromolecular drug delivery based on the enhanced permeability and retention effect in solid tumor. In Pharmaceutical Perspectives of Cancer Therapeutics (eds.Y.Lu and R.I.Mahato)2009

    • Author(s)
      T.Seki, J.Fang, H.Maeda
    • Total Pages
      27
    • Publisher
      AAPS Springer Press, New York
    • Related Report
      2009 Annual Research Report
  • [Book] Pharmaceutical Perspectives of Cancer Therapeutics2009

    • Author(s)
      T. Seki, 他
    • Total Pages
      45
    • Publisher
      AAPS-Springer
    • Related Report
      2008 Annual Research Report
  • [Patent(Industrial Property Rights)] 抗炎症剤2008

    • Inventor(s)
      前田浩、方軍、関孝弘、バラテガヒナシ
    • Industrial Property Rights Holder
      前田浩、方軍、関孝弘、バラテガヒナシ
    • Industrial Property Number
      2008-176397
    • Filing Date
      2008-07-05
    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
  • [Patent(Industrial Property Rights)] 抗炎症剤2008

    • Inventor(s)
      前田浩
    • Industrial Property Rights Holder
      前田浩
    • Industrial Property Number
      2008-176397
    • Filing Date
      2008-07-07
    • Related Report
      2008 Annual Research Report

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Published: 2008-04-01   Modified: 2016-04-21  

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