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Exploring the Agglomeration Mechanisms in Spatial Economics and Their Applications

Research Project

Project/Area Number 20H01485
Research Category

Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)

Allocation TypeSingle-year Grants
Section一般
Review Section Basic Section 07040:Economic policy-related
Research InstitutionTohoku University

Principal Investigator

Zeng Dao-Zhi  東北大学, 情報科学研究科, 教授 (60284345)

Co-Investigator(Kenkyū-buntansha) 河野 達仁  東北大学, 情報科学研究科, 教授 (00344713)
伊藤 亮  東北大学, 情報科学研究科, 准教授 (30516000)
中島 賢太郎  一橋大学, 大学院経営管理研究科, 教授 (60507698)
Project Period (FY) 2020-04-01 – 2024-03-31
Project Status Completed (Fiscal Year 2023)
Budget Amount *help
¥17,160,000 (Direct Cost: ¥13,200,000、Indirect Cost: ¥3,960,000)
Fiscal Year 2023: ¥3,770,000 (Direct Cost: ¥2,900,000、Indirect Cost: ¥870,000)
Fiscal Year 2022: ¥3,510,000 (Direct Cost: ¥2,700,000、Indirect Cost: ¥810,000)
Fiscal Year 2021: ¥3,510,000 (Direct Cost: ¥2,700,000、Indirect Cost: ¥810,000)
Fiscal Year 2020: ¥6,370,000 (Direct Cost: ¥4,900,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,470,000)
Keywords空間経済学 / 国際貿易 / 地域経済学 / 集積の経済 / 自国市場効果 / VES / 課税競争 / 交通政策 / 環境経済 / 排出権取引制度 / 防災 / 土地規制 / 最低賃金 / 産業間取引 / 環境政策 / 厚生 / 炭素税 / 立地外部性 / 貿易ネットワーク / 企業立地 / 労働市場の摩擦 / 資本 / 並行輸入
Outline of Research at the Start

大きな需要は産業の集積に繋がり、財の輸出をもたらすかどうかは前世紀50--70年代にかけて大きな論争点であった。多くの研究者が発展させてきた空間経済学はこの問いに明確な解答を与えた。ただし、これらの研究にほとんどCES(代替弾力性一定の)効用関数を使用し、競争促進効果を捉えられないため、得られた結論の一般性が疑われている。本研究はVES(可変代替弾力性)効用関数によって競争促進効果と所得効果を同時に捉え、これまでの結論の一般化を試み、集積メカニズムを解明し、空間経済学を発展させる。

Outline of Final Research Achievements

This project revisited spatial economics by considering two production factors (labor and capital) and extending the CES (constant elasticity of substitution) framework to VES (variable elasticity of substitution). It delved into the essence of agglomeration mechanisms such as the home market effect, exploring them from both theoretical and empirical perspectives. Specifically, we analyzed market mechanisms based on continuous demand derived from additively separable preferences and discrete demand arising from binary preferences. This research elucidates various trade patterns and the intricacies of tax haven systems. Furthermore, the newly developed theory was applied to environmental economics, urban economics, regional economics, labor economics, public economics, and transportation economics, examining measures addressing global warming, trade policies, tax policies, minimum wage policies, transportation policies, and the impacts of land regulations.

Academic Significance and Societal Importance of the Research Achievements

学術の面から、様々な可変代替弾力性(VES)効用関数に基づく一般均衡による分析手法を開発した。消費者、企業、政府の意思決定が財市場に与える影響を総括できるので、政策の分析に適している。特に、VESは市場均衡と社会最適の違いを示せるので、均衡の歪みを是正できる政策を分析できる。一方、多くの政府がタックス・ヘイブンの存在、気候温暖化、貿易赤字、資本流出、経済格差、交通混雑、土地利用などに悩まされ、有効な対応策を模索している。本研究は今後最低賃金、汚染排出規制など、様々な経済政策の評価や有効政策の策定に繋がることを期待したい。

Report

(5 results)
  • 2023 Annual Research Report   Final Research Report ( PDF )
  • 2022 Annual Research Report
  • 2021 Annual Research Report
  • 2020 Annual Research Report
  • Research Products

    (62 results)

All 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Other

All Int'l Joint Research (2 results) Journal Article (27 results) (of which Int'l Joint Research: 6 results,  Peer Reviewed: 22 results,  Open Access: 12 results) Presentation (32 results) (of which Int'l Joint Research: 11 results,  Invited: 4 results) Book (1 results)

  • [Int'l Joint Research] Zhongnan University of Economics and Law(中国)

    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] Huazhong Univ. of Science & Technology(中国)

    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] Home demand and trade pattern: a support for the Linder conjecture in the environmental sector2024

    • Author(s)
      Zhang, Q., Zeng, D.-Z., and Song, D.
    • Journal Title

      The World Economy

      Volume: -

    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] International trade with binary preferences and heterogeneous productivity2023

    • Author(s)
      Lin Kefu、Zeng Dao-Zhi
    • Journal Title

      Economic Modelling

      Volume: 122 Pages: 106236-106236

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.econmod.2023.106236

    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report 2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] The effects of trade liberalization on tax avoidance2023

    • Author(s)
      Pan Rui、Zeng Dao‐Zhi
    • Journal Title

      International Journal of Economic Theory

      Volume: 19 Issue: 4 Pages: 898-932

    • DOI

      10.1111/ijet.12384

    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Carbon tax vs. emission trading in a monopolistically competitive market with heterogeneous firms2023

    • Author(s)
      Lin Kefu、Pan Rui、Zeng Dao-Zhi
    • Journal Title

      The Annals of Regional Science

      Volume: - Issue: 2 Pages: 825-848

    • DOI

      10.1007/s00168-023-01249-8

    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Shipping alliances under an unexpected shock: Effects on market volatility and social welfare2023

    • Author(s)
      Itoh Ryo、Zhang Anming
    • Journal Title

      Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice

      Volume: 178 Pages: 103886-103886

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.tra.2023.103886

    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Estimating the Effect of Land Use Regulation on Land Price: At the Kink Point of Building Height Limits in Fukuoka2023

    • Author(s)
      Kentaro Nakajima and Keisuke Takano
    • Journal Title

      Regional Science and Urban Economics

      Volume: 103 Pages: 1-14

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2023.103955

    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Satellite-based vehicle flow data to assess local economic activities2023

    • Author(s)
      Eugenia Go, Kentaro Nakajima, Yasuyuki Sawada, and Kiyoshi Taniguchi
    • Journal Title

      CIRJE Discussion Paper Series

      Volume: F-1209 Pages: 1-36

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] How should river embankments be spatially developed, from the upstream section or the downstream section?2022

    • Author(s)
      Koma Taisei、Kono Tatsuhito、Kazama So
    • Journal Title

      Journal of Flood Risk Management

      Volume: 16 Issue: 1

    • DOI

      10.1111/jfr3.12870

    • NAID

      130008138073

    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Cities and biodiversity: Spatial efficiency of land use2022

    • Author(s)
      Yoshida Jun、Kono Tatsuhito
    • Journal Title

      Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization

      Volume: 197 Pages: 685-705

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.jebo.2022.03.019

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Optimal land use regulation for human-coyote conflicts in the Denver metropolitan area2022

    • Author(s)
      Yoshida Jun、Kono Tatsuhito
    • Journal Title

      Sustainability

      Volume: 14 Issue: 3 Pages: 1210-1210

    • DOI

      10.3390/su14031210

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] An interregional input-output analysis with the Eaton-Kortum model2022

    • Author(s)
      Ryo Itoh, Kiyoshi Yonemoto
    • Journal Title

      Economic Systems Research.

      Volume: forthcomming Issue: 1 Pages: 49-74

    • DOI

      10.1080/09535314.2022.2068407

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Influence of trip distance and population density on intra-city mobility patterns in Tokyo during COVID-19 pandemic2022

    • Author(s)
      Tsuboi Kazufumi、Fujiwara Naoya、Itoh Ryo
    • Journal Title

      PLOS ONE

      Volume: 17 Issue: 10 Pages: e0276741-e0276741

    • DOI

      10.1371/journal.pone.0276741

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] 国土整備とイノベーション2022

    • Author(s)
      中島賢太郎
    • Journal Title

      地域開発

      Volume: 643 Pages: 20-23

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] リニア中央新幹線と中部圏経済2022

    • Author(s)
      中島賢太郎
    • Journal Title

      中部圏研究

      Volume: 219 Pages: 66-73

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] Frictional unemployment, bargaining, and agglomeration2022

    • Author(s)
      Li Xinmeng、Zeng Dao-Zhi
    • Journal Title

      The Annals of Regional Science

      Volume: 68 Issue: 1 Pages: 151-179

    • DOI

      10.1007/s00168-021-01072-z

    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] ソーティングと地域間経済格差2022

    • Author(s)
      中島賢太郎
    • Journal Title

      住宅土地経済

      Volume: 123 Pages: 18-26

    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] Local Labor Market Effects of Chinese Imports and Offshoring: Evidence from Matched-Foreign Affiliate-Domestic Parent-Domestic Plant Data in Japan2022

    • Author(s)
      Kozo Kiyota, Kentaro Nakajima, and Miho Takizawa
    • Journal Title

      RIETI Working Paper Series

      Volume: 22-E-13 Pages: 1-33

    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
    • Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Mobile Capital, Optimal Tariff, and Tariff War2022

    • Author(s)
      Hajime Takatsuka and Dao-Zhi Zeng
    • Journal Title

      Review of International Economics

      Volume: 30(1) Issue: 1 Pages: 166-204

    • DOI

      10.1111/roie.12562

    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Symmetric tax competition and welfare with footloose capital2021

    • Author(s)
      Zeng Dao‐Zhi、Peng Shin‐Kun
    • Journal Title

      Journal of Regional Science

      Volume: 61 Issue: 2 Pages: 472-491

    • DOI

      10.1111/jors.12517

    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Spatial Economics and Nonmanufacturing Sectors2021

    • Author(s)
      Zeng Dao-Zhi
    • Journal Title

      Interdisciplinary Information Sciences

      Volume: 27 Issue: 1 Pages: 57-91

    • DOI

      10.4036/iis.2021.R.02

    • NAID

      130008009406

    • ISSN
      1340-9050, 1347-6157
    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Do sourcing networks make firms global? Micro-level evidence from firm-to-firm transaction networks2021

    • Author(s)
      Ryo Itoh, Kentaro Nakajima
    • Journal Title

      The Japanese Economic Review

      Volume: 72 Issue: 1 Pages: 65-96

    • DOI

      10.1007/s42973-020-00061-9

    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Effects of dual networks on tax strategies: geography and transaction2021

    • Author(s)
      Itoh Ryo、Li Zonghui
    • Journal Title

      The Japanese Economic Review

      Volume: 72 Issue: 1 Pages: 97-128

    • DOI

      10.1007/s42973-020-00060-w

    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Trade liberalization with mobile capital and firm heterogeneity2020

    • Author(s)
      Yang Xi、Zeng Dao‐Zhi
    • Journal Title

      The World Economy

      Volume: 印刷中 Issue: 2 Pages: 530-559

    • DOI

      10.1111/twec.12983

    • Related Report
      2020 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Parallel imports in large developing countries2020

    • Author(s)
      Zeng Dao-Zhi、Zhang Biyue
    • Journal Title

      The Annals of Regional Science

      Volume: 印刷中 Issue: 2 Pages: 509-525

    • DOI

      10.1007/s00168-020-00993-5

    • Related Report
      2020 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Land use policies considering a natural ecosystem2020

    • Author(s)
      Yoshida Jun、Kono Tatsuhito
    • Journal Title

      Regional Science and Urban Economics

      Volume: 83 Pages: 103552-103552

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2020.103552

    • Related Report
      2020 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] 母国市場効果の由来と研究フロンティア(中国語)2020

    • Author(s)
      曽道智
    • Journal Title

      Urban and Environmental Studies

      Volume: 2020(1) Pages: 96-112

    • Related Report
      2020 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Simultaneous Optimization of Multiple Taxes on Car Use and Tolls Considering the Marginal Cost of Public Funds in Japan2019

    • Author(s)
      Tatsuhito Kono, Yohei Mitsuhiro, and Jun Yoshida
    • Journal Title

      The Japanese Economic Review

      Volume: accepted/In press Issue: 2 Pages: 261-297

    • DOI

      10.1007/s42973-019-00029-4

    • NAID

      210000178189

    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Presentation] Measuring Gendered Values of Time for Married Couples by Life Stage based on an Intertemporal Household Utility-Maximization Model2024

    • Author(s)
      Ashley Lo, Tatsuhito Kono
    • Organizer
      Allied Social Science Associations Meeting, American Economic Association Conference
    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] A study on quality heterogeneity and distortions2023

    • Author(s)
      曽道智, 陳一寧
    • Organizer
      第37回 応用地域学会 研究発表大会
    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] A core-periphery model under additively separable preferences2023

    • Author(s)
      Dao-Zhi Zeng, Congcong Wang, Xiwei Zhu
    • Organizer
      International Trade and Regional Economics Conference
    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] Non-CES preferences and policy analysis2023

    • Author(s)
      Dao-Zhi Zeng
    • Organizer
      International Trade and Regional Economics Conference
    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] 複数災害を統合的に考慮した海岸堤防のリスク分析2023

    • Author(s)
      志方花菜,平野勝也,河野達仁
    • Organizer
      土木計画学研究発表大会秋大会
    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Simultaneous Optimization of the Heights and Financing of RiverEmbankments2023

    • Author(s)
      河野達仁,小間大世
    • Organizer
      応用地域学会研究発表大会
    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Reef Coral of Restoration and Conservation of Effectiveness The Climate to protection Coastal Adaptive for Islands Tropical around Change2023

    • Author(s)
      味田村俊,田島芳満,河野達仁,野中昭彦,茅根創
    • Organizer
      海岸工学講演会
    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Measuring the Gender Differences in Value of Time by Household Life Stage: An Intertemporal Analysis based on Japan Household Panel Survey2023

    • Author(s)
      Ashley Wan-Tzu Lo, Tatsuhito Kono
    • Organizer
      The 62nd Annual meeting of Western Regional Science Association
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] The Core-Periphery Model under Additively Separable Preferences2022

    • Author(s)
      Wang, C., Zeng, D.-Z., and Zhu, X.
    • Organizer
      The Fourth International Workshop “Market Studies and Spatial Economics”
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Goods-market Desirability of Minimum Wages2022

    • Author(s)
      Pan, R. and Zeng, D.-Z.
    • Organizer
      日本国際経済学会 第11回春季大会
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] The Effects of Trade on Tax Avoidance2022

    • Author(s)
      Pan, R. and Zeng, D.-Z.
    • Organizer
      第36回 応用地域学会 研究発表大会
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] A General-Equilibrium Analysis on Emission Regulation Policies2022

    • Author(s)
      Lin, K., Pan, R., and Zeng, D.-Z.
    • Organizer
      第36回 応用地域学会 研究発表大会
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] A Core-Periphery Model under Additively Separable Preferences2022

    • Author(s)
      Wang, C., Zeng, D.-Z., and Zhu, X.
    • Organizer
      The Urban Economics Workshop 2022
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Quantitative Analysis of Property Tax and Floor Area Ratio Regulation with respect to Efficiency and Income Distribution2022

    • Author(s)
      高村望, 広田真由, 河野達仁
    • Organizer
      土木計画学研究発表会
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Dynamical Changes in Cities and the Ecosystem due to Global Warming: Modeling2022

    • Author(s)
      吉田惇, 河野達仁
    • Organizer
      土木計画学研究発表会
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 河川整備における堤防高さと空間的整備順序の最適化2022

    • Author(s)
      小間大世, 河野達仁
    • Organizer
      土木計画学研究発表会
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] How Should Ports Share Risk of Natural and Climate Change Disasters? Analytical Modelling and Implications for Adaptation Investments2022

    • Author(s)
      Ryo Itoh, Anmimg Zhang
    • Organizer
      Annual Conference of International Transport Economics Association
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] How Should Ports Share Risk of Natural and Climate Change Disasters? Analytical Modelling and Implications for Adaptation Investments2022

    • Author(s)
      Ryo Itoh, Anmimg Zhang
    • Organizer
      Annual Conference of International Maritime Economics Association
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] The Impact of the School Admission Restriction Policy on the Housing Market in Shanghai2022

    • Author(s)
      Ryo Itoh, Kangzhe Ding
    • Organizer
      日本経済学会秋季大会
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] On the Use of Satellite-Based Vehicle Flows Data to Assess Local Economic Activity: The Case of Philippine Cities2022

    • Author(s)
      Kentaro Nakajima
    • Organizer
      16th North American Meeting of the Urban Economics Association
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] On the Use of Satellite-Based Vehicle Flows Data to Assess Local Economic Activity: The Case of Philippine Cities2022

    • Author(s)
      中島賢太郎
    • Organizer
      京都大学応用ミクロ経済セミナー
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Invited
  • [Presentation] On the Use of Satellite-Based Vehicle Flows Data to Assess Local Economic Activity: The Case of Philippine Cities2022

    • Author(s)
      中島賢太郎
    • Organizer
      東京大学ミクロワークショップ
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Invited
  • [Presentation] A Core-Periphery Model under Additively Separable Preferences2021

    • Author(s)
      曽道智, Wang Congcong, 朱希偉
    • Organizer
      第35回 応用地域学会2021年次大会
    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] The Demand and Trade Pattern; A Support for the Linder Conjecture in the Environmental Sector2021

    • Author(s)
      Qi Zhang, Dao-Zhi Zeng, Deyong Song
    • Organizer
      The 16th meeting of the Asia Pacific Trade Seminars
    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Linder Conjecture and Trade Pattern Based on Demand2021

    • Author(s)
      Dao-Zhi Zeng, Chengliang Shi
    • Organizer
      The 11th Asian Seminar in Regional Science
    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Mobility change and COVID-19: Evidence from the cellular-phone data in Tokyo2021

    • Author(s)
      Kazufumi Tsuboi, Naoya Fujiwara, Ryo Itoh
    • Organizer
      The XV World Conference of Spatial Econometrics Association (SEA 2021)
    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Network analysis of human mobility and impact of COVID-19 pandemic on human mobility2021

    • Author(s)
      Kazufumi Tsuboi, Naoya Fujiwara, Ryo Itoh
    • Organizer
      Mathematical geographical modelling for environmental humanities
    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Does COVID-19 pandemic change our daily mobility?2021

    • Author(s)
      Kazufumi Tsuboi, Naoya Fujiwara, Ryo Itoh
    • Organizer
      第35回 応用地域学会2021年次大会
    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 新型コロナウイルスの拡大・緊急事態宣言が人流に及ぼす影響,2021

    • Author(s)
      Kazufumi Tsuboi, Naoya Fujiwara, Ryo Itoh
    • Organizer
      ネットワーク科学研究会2021
    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] International trade with binary demands and heterogeneous productivity2020

    • Author(s)
      林 柯夫, 曽道智
    • Organizer
      日本国際経済学会 第79回全国大会
    • Related Report
      2020 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] The Demand and Trade Pattern; A Support for the Linder Conjecture in the Environmental Sector2020

    • Author(s)
      Dao-Zhi Zeng, Qi Zhang, Deyong Song
    • Organizer
      第34回応用地域学会2020年次大会
    • Related Report
      2020 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] An interregional input-output analysis withagglomeration economies: Isard meets Krugman2020

    • Author(s)
      Ryo Itoh
    • Organizer
      日本経済学会春季大会
    • Related Report
      2020 Annual Research Report
  • [Book] Spatial Economics Volume II: Applications (Chapter 9, Unemployment and Trade in Spatial Economics, pp.251-273)2020

    • Author(s)
      Li, Xinmeng. and Zeng, Dao-Zhi
    • Total Pages
      315
    • Publisher
      Palgrave Macmillan
    • ISBN
      303040093X
    • Related Report
      2020 Annual Research Report

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Published: 2020-04-28   Modified: 2025-01-30  

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