Realization of Legal Compliance Mechanism for AI

• Project/Area Number: 20K20406
• Project/Area Number (Other): 19H05470 (2019)
• Research Category: Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Research (Pioneering)
• Allocation Type: Multi-year Fund (2020); Single-year Grants (2019)
• Review Section: A New Phase of Our Advanced Science and Technology Society
• Research Institution: National Institute of Informatics
• Principal Investigator: Satoh Ken 国立情報学研究所, 情報学プリンシプル研究系, 教授 (00271635)
• Co-Investigator(Kenkyū-buntansha): NGUYEN MinhLe 北陸先端科学技術大学院大学, 先端科学技術研究科, 教授 (30509401) ; 対馬 かなえ 国立情報学研究所, アーキテクチャ科学研究系, 特任助教 (80754663) ; 西村 友海 大阪大学, 社会技術共創研究センター, 特任助教(常勤) (80884767) ; Tran Duc・Vu 統計数理研究所, リスク解析戦略研究センター, 特任助教 (90910240)
• Project Period (FY): 2019-06-28 – 2023-03-31
• Project Status: Completed (Fiscal Year 2022)
• Budget Amount: ¥25,610,000 (Direct Cost: ¥19,700,000、Indirect Cost: ¥5,910,000); Fiscal Year 2021: ¥9,620,000 (Direct Cost: ¥7,400,000、Indirect Cost: ¥2,220,000); Fiscal Year 2020: ¥9,750,000 (Direct Cost: ¥7,500,000、Indirect Cost: ¥2,250,000); Fiscal Year 2019: ¥6,240,000 (Direct Cost: ¥4,800,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,440,000)
• Keywords: 法規範遵守 / 法とAI / 人工知能 / 矛盾検出 / 矛盾解消 / 法律とAI / 法律順守機構 / 論理プログラミング

Outline of Research at the Start

人工知能が社会に進出することにより、人工知能の引き起こす法律問題が生じるおそれがあるため、人工知能に法律を遵守させる機能を実装することが、重要になると考えられる。このため、法律の各条文を自然言語処理を用いて要件を自動的に分節化し、我々が開発してきた法律知識記述言語PROLEGで実装し、人工知能の仕様自体もPROLEG化して、今まで研究してきた矛盾検出および修正機構を拡張することで、人工知能の仕様の法律との抵触を自動的に検出、修正し、人工知能自体が自律的に法律を遵守するように自らの行為を変化させる機構を構築する。

Outline of Final Research Achievements

As artificial intelligence is introduced into society, there are situations where artificial intelligence is in conflict with the law, such as traffic accidents caused by self-driving cars. To solve this problem, in this research, we developed a method to make artificial intelligence to be compliant with the law. More specifically, we proposed a method to automatically detect the conflict of the artificial intelligence specification with the law by firstly making the law and the specification of the artificial intelligence into a logic program and them using abductive logic programming. We also proposed a support method for manually translation from law in natural language into a logic program and a method by NLP of automatic translation from law in natural language into a logic program.

Academic Significance and Societal Importance of the Research Achievements

人工知能が社会に進出することにより、人工知能が実世界と密接に関わる状況が出現してきた。それに従い、人工知能の引き起こす法律問題が生じるため、第一義的に、人工知能に法律を遵守させる機能を実装することが、重要になると考えられる。 しかし、技術の急速な進歩に対応して、新しい法律が次々に作られると考えられるため、新しい法律を迅速に人工知能に実装する必要がある。本研究はそのような法的規範遵守チェック機構の第一歩として行った研究であるため、この研究の社会的意義は大きい。

Research Products

• [Int'l Joint Research] Swansea University(英国)
• [Int'l Joint Research] Univesity of Ferrara/University of Torino/University of Piemonte Orientale(イタリア)
• [Int'l Joint Research] University of Luxemburg(ルクセンブルク)
• [Int'l Joint Research] University of Alberta(カナダ)
• [Int'l Joint Research] Politechnic Univesity of Madrid(スペイン)
• [Journal Article] Abstract meaning representation for legal documents: an empirical research on a human-annotated dataset (2022)
  • Author(s): Vu Sinh Trong、Le Nguyen Minh、Satoh Ken
  • Journal Title: Artificial Intelligence and Law Volume: 30 Issue: 2 Pages: 221-243
  • DOI: 10.1007/s10506-021-09292-6
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Effects of Relations between Normal Logic Programs and Defeasible Logic Programs on Contrary Prioritized Policy (2022)
  • Author(s): Fungwacharakorn, W, Tsushima, K, Satoh, K
  • Journal Title: Proceedings of JURISIN-2022 Volume: N/A Pages: 207-219
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Taking stock of available technologies for compliance checking on first-order knowledge (2022)
  • Author(s): Robaldo, L, Batsakis, S, Calegari, R, Calimeri, F, Fujita, M, Governatori, G, Morelli, M. C, Pisano, G, Satoh, K, Tachmazidis, I
  • Journal Title: Proceedings of the 37th Italian Conference on Computational Logic Volume: N/A Pages: 1-16
  • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] A Query Evaluation Method for ASP with Abduction (2022)
  • Author(s): Satoh, K.
  • Journal Title: Proceedings of the ICLP 2022 Workshop on Goal-directed Execution of Answer Set Programs Volume: N/A
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] A Survey of Pretrained Embeddings for Japanese Legal Representation (2022)
  • Author(s): Nguyen Ha-Thanh、Nguyen Le-Minh、Satoh Ken
  • Journal Title: Advances and Trends in Artificial Intelligence. Theory and Practices in Artificial Intelligence Volume: N/A Pages: 363-369
  • DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-08530-7_30
  • ISBN: 9783031085291, 9783031085307
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
• [Journal Article] Towards Legally and Ethically Correct Online HTN Planning for Data Transfer (2022)
  • Author(s): Hayashi, H, Satoh, K
  • Journal Title: Proceedings of the 20th International Workshop on Non-Monotonic Reasoning Volume: N/A Pages: 4-15
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] SM-BERT-CR: a deep learning approach for case law retrieval with supporting model (2022)
  • Author(s): Vuong Yen Thi-Hai、Bui Quan Minh、Nguyen Ha-Thanh、Nguyen Thi-Thu-Trang、Tran Vu、Phan Xuan-Hieu、Satoh Ken、Nguyen Le-Minh
  • Journal Title: Artificial Intelligence and Law Volume: 30 Issue: 3 Pages: 1-28
  • DOI: 10.1007/s10506-022-09319-6
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] Toward a practical legal rule revision in legal debugging (2022)
  • Author(s): Wachara FUNGWACHARAKORN, Ken SATOH
  • Journal Title: Computer Law & Security Review Volume: 46 Pages: 105696-105696
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.clsr.2022.105696
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] A Use Case on GDPR of Modular-PROLEG for Private International Law (2022)
  • Author(s): Sawasaki, T, Satoh, K, Troussel, A. C
  • Journal Title: Proceedings of the 3th International Workshop on Artificial Intelligence Technologies for Legal Documents (AI4LEGAL 2022) Volume: N/A Pages: 1-11
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Learning to?Map the?GDPR to?Logic Representation on?DAPRECO-KB (2022)
  • Author(s): Nguyen Minh-Phuong、Nguyen Thi-Thu-Trang、Tran Vu、Nguyen Ha-Thanh、Nguyen Le-Minh、Satoh Ken
  • Journal Title: Intelligent Information and Database Systems, ACIIDS 2022 Volume: N/A Pages: 442-454
  • DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-21743-2_35
  • ISBN: 9783031217425, 9783031217432
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] An Interactive Natural Language Interface for PROLEG (2022)
  • Author(s): Nguyen Ha-Thanh、Nishino Fumihito、Fujita Megumi、Satoh Ken
  • Journal Title: Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications Volume: N/A Pages: 294-297
  • DOI: 10.3233/faia220484
  • ISBN: 9781643683645, 9781643683652
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
• [Journal Article] Fundamental Revisions on Constraint Hierarchies for Ethical Norms (2022)
  • Author(s): Wachara FUNGWACHARAKORN, Ken SATOH, TSUSHIMA, Kanae
  • Journal Title: Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications Volume: 362 Pages: 182-187
  • DOI: 10.3233/faia220464
  • ISBN: 9781643683645, 9781643683652
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] A Multi-Step Approach in Translating Natural Language into Logical Formula (2022)
  • Author(s): MGIYEN, Ha-Thanh, Wachara FUNGWACHARAKORN, NISHINO, Fumihito, SATOH, Ken
  • Journal Title: Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications Volume: 362 Pages: 103-112
  • DOI: 10.3233/faia220453
  • ISBN: 9781643683645, 9781643683652
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] Transformer-Based Approaches for Legal Text Processing (2022)
  • Author(s): Nguyen, Ha-Thanh; Nguyen, Minh-Phuong; Vuong, Thi-Hai-Yen; Bui, Minh-Quan; Nguyen, Minh-Chau; Dang, Tran-Binh; Tran, Vu; Nguyen, Le-Minh; Satoh, Ken
  • Journal Title: The Review of Socionetwork Strategies Volume: 0 Issue: 1 Pages: 1-21
  • DOI: 10.1007/s12626-022-00102-2
  • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] Overview and Discussion of the Competition on Legal Information Extraction/Entailment (COLIEE) 2021 (2022)
  • Author(s): Rabelo Juliano、Goebel Randy、Kim Mi-Young、Kano Yoshinobu、Yoshioka Masaharu、Satoh Ken
  • Journal Title: The Review of Socionetwork Strategies Volume: 16 Issue: 1 Pages: 111-133
  • DOI: 10.1007/s12626-022-00105-z
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] Diagnosing and Treating Effect of Legal Rule-Based Revision (2022)
  • Author(s): Fungwacharakorn Wachara、Tsushima Kanae、Satoh Ken
  • Journal Title: New Generation Computing Volume: 40 Issue: 1 Pages: 25-45
  • DOI: 10.1007/s00354-022-00157-3
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] CovRelex: A COVID-19 Retrieval System with Relation Extraction (2021)
  • Author(s): Tran Vu、Tran Van-Hien、Nguyen Phuong、Nguyen Chau、Satoh Ken、Matsumoto Yuji、Nguyen Minh
  • Journal Title: Proceedings of the 16th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations Volume: 2021 Pages: 24-31
  • DOI: 10.18653/v1/2021.eacl-demos.4
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Resolving counterintuitive consequences in law using legal debugging (2021)
  • Author(s): Fungwacharakorn Wachara、Tsushima Kanae、Satoh Ken
  • Journal Title: Artificial Intelligence and Law Volume: 29 Issue: 4 Pages: 541-557
  • DOI: 10.1007/s10506-021-09283-7
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] On semantics-based minimal revision for legal reasoning (2021)
  • Author(s): Fungwacharakorn Wachara、Tsushima Kanae、Satoh Ken
  • Journal Title: ICAIL '21: Proceedings of the Eighteenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law Volume: 2021 Pages: 50-59
  • DOI: 10.1145/3462757.3466075
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] Interactive system for arranging issues based on PROLEG in civil litigation (2021)
  • Author(s): Satoh Ken、Takahashi Kazuko、Kawasaki Tatsuki
  • Journal Title: ICAIL '21: Proceedings of the Eighteenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law Volume: 2021 Pages: 273-274
  • DOI: 10.1145/3462757.3466096
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] On the Legal Revision in PROLEG Program (2021)
  • Author(s): Fungwacharakorn Wachara、Tsushima Kanae、Satoh Ken
  • Journal Title: Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing Volume: 1357 Pages: 25-36
  • DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-73113-7_3
  • NAID: 130007857084
  • ISBN: 9783030731120, 9783030731137
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] JNLP Team: Deep Learning for Legal Processing in COLIEE 2020 (2020)
  • Author(s): Ha-Thanh Nguyen, Hai-Yen Thi Vuong, Phuong Minh Nguyen, Binh Tran Dang, Quan Minh Bui, Sinh Trong Vu, Chau Minh Nguyen, Vu Tran, Ken Satoh and Minh Le Nguyen
  • Journal Title: Proc. of JURISIN 2020 Volume: 14 Pages: 195-208
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] BERT-PLI: Modeling Paragraph-Level Interactions for Legal Case Retrieval (2020)
  • Author(s): Shao Yunqiu、Mao Jiaxin、Liu Yiqun、Ma Weizhi、Satoh Ken、Zhang Min、Ma Shaoping
  • Journal Title: Proc. of IJCAI-PRICAI 2020 Volume: 29 Pages: 3501-3507
  • DOI: 10.24963/ijcai.2020/484
  • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] Generalizing Culprit Resolution in Legal Debugging with Background Knowledge (2020)
  • Author(s): Fungwacharakorn Wachara、Satoh Ken
  • Journal Title: Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications, Legal Knowledge and Information Systems Volume: 334 Pages: 52-62
  • DOI: 10.3233/faia200849
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] A Summary of the COLIEE 2019 Competition (2020)
  • Author(s): Rabelo Juliano、Kim Mi-Young、Goebel Randy、Yoshioka Masaharu、Kano Yoshinobu、Satoh Ken
  • Journal Title: New Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence. JSAI-isAI 2019. Lecture Notes in Computer Science Volume: 12331 Pages: 34-49
  • DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-58790-1_3
  • ISBN: 9783030587895, 9783030587901
  • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] Encoded summarization: summarizing documents into continuous vector space for legal case retrieval (2020)
  • Author(s): Tran Vu、Le Nguyen Minh、Tojo Satoshi、Satoh Ken
  • Journal Title: Artificial Intelligence and Law Volume: 28 Issue: 4 Pages: 441-467
  • DOI: 10.1007/s10506-020-09262-4
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] A Simple yet Efficient MCSes Enumeration with SAT Oracles (2020)
  • Author(s): Koshimura Miyuki、Satoh Ken
  • Journal Title: Intelligent Information and Database Systems. ACIIDS 2020. Lecture Notes in Computer Science Volume: 12033 Pages: 191-201
  • DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-41964-6_17
  • ISBN: 9783030419639, 9783030419646
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] 人工知能の法律分野への応用について (2019)
  • Author(s): 佐藤健, 新田克己, Kevin D. Ashley
  • Journal Title: 法と社会研究 Volume: 4(4) Pages: 177-196
  • NAID: 40021965510
  • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] Building Legal Case Retrieval Systems with Lexical Matching and Summarization using A Pre-Trained Phrase Scoring Model (2019)
  • Author(s): Tran Vu、Nguyen Minh Le、Satoh Ken
  • Journal Title: ICAIL '19: Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law Volume: 2019 Pages: 275-282
  • DOI: 10.1145/3322640.3326740
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] ODRL Policy Modelling and Compliance Checking (2019)
  • Author(s): De Vos Marina、Kirrane Sabrina、Padget Julian、Satoh Ken
  • Journal Title: Proceedings of RuleML+RR 2019 Volume: 2019 Pages: 36-51
  • DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-31095-0_3
  • ISBN: 9783030310943, 9783030310950
  • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] Legal Debugging in Propositional Legal Representation (2019)
  • Author(s): Fungwacharakorn Wachara、Satoh Ken
  • Journal Title: New Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence - JSAI-isAI 2018 Workshops 2018, Revised Selected Papers Volume: LNCS 11717 Pages: 146-159
  • DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-31605-1_12
  • ISBN: 9783030316044, 9783030316051
  • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] ContractFrames: Bridging the Gap Between Natural Language and Logics in Contract Law (2019)
  • Author(s): Navas-Loro Mar?a、Satoh Ken、Rodr?guez-Doncel V?ctor
  • Journal Title: New Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence - JSAI-isAI 2018 Workshops 2018, Revised Selected Papers Volume: LNCS 11717 Pages: 101-114
  • DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-31605-1_9
  • ISBN: 9783030316044, 9783030316051
  • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] Explainable ASP (2019)
  • Author(s): Dauphin Jeremie、Satoh Ken
  • Journal Title: PRIMA 2019: Principles and Practice of Multi-Agent Systems: 22nd International Conference Volume: 2019 Pages: 610-617
  • DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-33792-6_47
  • ISBN: 9783030337919, 9783030337926
  • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] An Approach of Rhetorical Status Recognition for Judgments in Court Documents using Deep Learning Models (2019)
  • Author(s): Tran Vu D.、Nguyen Minh L.、Shirai Kiyoaki、Satoh Ken
  • Journal Title: 11th International Conference on Knowledge and Systems Engineering (KSE) Volume: 2019 Pages: 1-6
  • DOI: 10.1109/kse.2019.8919370
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] 人工知能の法学への応用 (2019)
  • Author(s): 新田克己、佐藤健
  • Journal Title: 人工知能学会誌 Volume: 34(6) Pages: 870-875
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Legal Text Generation from Abstract Meaning Representation (2019)
  • Author(s): Sinh, V.T, Nguyen, L.M, Satoh, K
  • Journal Title: Proceedings of JURIX-2019 Volume: 2019 Pages: 229-234
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Culprit Resolution for Legal Debugging in First-Order PROLEG (2019)
  • Author(s): Fungwacharakorn, W., Satoh, K.
  • Journal Title: Proceedings of JURISIN-2019 Volume: 2019 Pages: 117-130
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Book] AI時代の法学入門 (2020)
  • Author(s): 太田 勝造、笠原 毅彦、佐藤 健、西貝 吉晃、新田 克己、福澤 一吉
  • Total Pages: 292
  • Publisher: 弘文堂
  • ISBN: 9784335358333