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Phosphorescent Light-emitting lridium Complexes Serve as a Hypoxia-sensing Probe for Tumor Imaging in Living Animals.

Research Project

Project/Area Number 21200077
Research Category

Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (Research a proposed research project)

Allocation TypeSingle-year Grants
Research Field Physical pharmacy
Applied pharmacology
Research InstitutionAkita Prefectural University (2011)
Gunma University (2009-2010)

Principal Investigator

HOSAKA Masahiro  秋田県立大学, 生物資源科学部, 教授 (80311603)

Co-Investigator(Kenkyū-buntansha) YOSHIHARA Toshitada  群馬大学, 大学院・工学研究科, 助教 (10375561)
Co-Investigator(Renkei-kenkyūsha) IIDA Yasuhiko  鈴鹿医療科学大学, 薬学部, 教授 (60252425)
Project Period (FY) 2009 – 2011
Project Status Completed (Fiscal Year 2011)
Budget Amount *help
¥27,690,000 (Direct Cost: ¥21,300,000、Indirect Cost: ¥6,390,000)
Fiscal Year 2011: ¥6,760,000 (Direct Cost: ¥5,200,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,560,000)
Fiscal Year 2010: ¥10,010,000 (Direct Cost: ¥7,700,000、Indirect Cost: ¥2,310,000)
Fiscal Year 2009: ¥10,920,000 (Direct Cost: ¥8,400,000、Indirect Cost: ¥2,520,000)
Keywordsイメージング / イリジウム錯体 / 低酸素病態 / 腫瘍 / 可視化
Research Abstract

Iridium complex is a promising organic light-emitting diode material for next generation video displays that emits phosphorescence quenched by oxygen. We focused this oxygen-quenching feature for imaging tumor hypoxia. We used Red light-emitting Ir(btp)_2(acac) (BTP)to image nude mouse-transplanted tumors, and succeed to image tumors. Since BTP is easily modifiable, we synthesized BTP analogues with a longer excitation/emission wavelength. One of them, BTPHSA, depicted clear imaging from tumors transplanted 6-7 mm deep from the skin surface. Another analogue, BTPDM, shines brighter than BTP in tumors, since BTPDM has character to access easily and reach in cells. We suggest that iridium complex materials have a vast potential for imaging hypoxic lesions such as tumor tissues.

Report

(4 results)
  • 2011 Annual Research Report   Final Research Report ( PDF )
  • 2010 Annual Research Report
  • 2009 Annual Research Report
  • Research Products

    (60 results)

All 2012 2011 2010 2009 Other

All Journal Article (19 results) (of which Peer Reviewed: 6 results) Presentation (30 results) Book (3 results) Remarks (5 results) Patent(Industrial Property Rights) (3 results) (of which Overseas: 2 results)

  • [Journal Article] Iridium Complex Probes for Monitoring of Cellular Oxygen Levels and Imaging of Hypoxic Tissues.2012

    • Author(s)
      Yoshihara, T., Kobayashi, A., Oda, M., Hosaka, M., Takeuchi, T., Tobita, S.
    • Journal Title

      Proc. SPIE

      Volume: 8233

    • Related Report
      2011 Final Research Report
  • [Journal Article] Ratiometric Molecular Sensor for Monitoring Oxygen Levels in Living Cells.2012

    • Author(s)
      Yoshihara, T., Yamaguchi, Y. , Hosaka, M., Takeuchi, T., Tobita, S.
    • Journal Title

      Angew Chem Int Ed Engl.

      Volume: 51 Pages: 4148-4151

    • Related Report
      2011 Final Research Report
  • [Journal Article] Iridium Complex Probes for Monitoring of Cellular Oxygen Levels and Imaging of Hypoxic Tissues2012

    • Author(s)
      Yoshihara, T., Kobayashi, A., Oda, M., Hosaka, M., Takeuchi, T., Tobita, S.
    • Journal Title

      Proc.SPIE

      Volume: 8233 Pages: 82330A-82330A

    • DOI

      10.1117/12.910170

    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Ratiometric Molecular Sensor for Monitoring Oxygen Levels in Living Cells2012

    • Author(s)
      Yoshihara, T., Yamaguchi, Y., Hosaka, M., Takeuchi, T., Tobita, S.
    • Journal Title

      Angew Chem Int Ed Engl

      Volume: 51 Issue: 17 Pages: 4148-4151

    • DOI

      10.1002/anie.201107557

    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Silylation Enhancement of Photodynamic Activity of Tetraphenylporphyrin Derivative.2011

    • Author(s)
      Horiuchi, H., Kameya, T., Hosaka, M., Yoshimura, K., Kyushin, S., Matsumoto, H., Okutsu, T., Takeuchi, T., Hiratsuka, H.
    • Journal Title

      J. Photochem. Photobiol.

      Volume: 221 Pages: 98-104

    • Related Report
      2011 Final Research Report
  • [Journal Article] Development of Iridium(III) Complexes with High Cellular Uptake Efficiency.2011

    • Author(s)
      Yoshihara, T., Ichikawa, K., Hosaka, M., Takeuchi, T., Tobita, S.
    • Journal Title

      Photomedicine and Photobiology

      Volume: 33 Pages: 15-16

    • Related Report
      2011 Final Research Report
  • [Journal Article] Luminal Interaction of Phogrin with Carboxypeptidase E for Effective Targeting to Secretory Granules.2011

    • Author(s)
      Saito, N., Takeuchi, T., Kawano, A., Hosaka, M., Hou, N., Torii, S.
    • Journal Title

      Traffic

      Volume: 12 Pages: 499-506

    • Related Report
      2011 Final Research Report
  • [Journal Article] Development of Iridium(III) Complexes with High Cellular Uptake Efficiency2011

    • Author(s)
      Yoshihara, T., Ichikawa, K., Hosaka, M., Takeuchi, T., Tobita, S.
    • Journal Title

      Photomedicine and Photobiology

      Volume: 33 Pages: 15-16

    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Cholesterol Biosynthesis Pathway Intermediates and Inhibitors Regulate Glucose-stimulated Insulin Secretion and Secretory Granule Formation in Pancreatic beta-Cells.2010

    • Author(s)
      Tsuchiya, M., Hosaka, M., Moriguchi, T., Zhang, S., Suda, M., Yokota-Hashimoto, H., Shinozuka, K., Takeuchi, T. (The first two authors contributed equally to this work.)
    • Journal Title

      Endocrinology

      Volume: 151 Pages: 4705-4716

    • Related Report
      2011 Final Research Report 2010 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] Phosphorescent Light-emitting Iridium Complexes Serve as a Hypoxia-sensing Probe for Tumor Imaging in Living Animals.2010

    • Author(s)
      Zhang, S., Hosaka, M., Yoshihara, T., Negishi, K., Iida, Y., Tobita, S., Takeuchi, T. (The first three authors contributed equally to this work.)
    • Journal Title

      Cancer Research

      Volume: 70 Pages: 4490-4498

    • Related Report
      2011 Final Research Report 2010 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] Secretogranin III: a bridge between core hormone aggregates and the secretory granule membrane.2010

    • Author(s)
      Hosaka, M., Watanabe, T.
    • Journal Title

      Endocrine J.

      Volume: 57 Pages: 275-286

    • NAID

      10029584142

    • Related Report
      2011 Final Research Report
  • [Journal Article] Secretogranin III : a bridge between core hormone aggregates and the secretory granule membrane.2010

    • Author(s)
      Hosaka M, Watanabe T
    • Journal Title

      Endocrine J

      Volume: 57 Pages: 275-286

    • NAID

      10029584142

    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Cholesterol Analogs Labeled with Novel Silylated Fluorescent Compounds.2009

    • Author(s)
      Moriguchi, T., Hosaka, M., Yosinari, A., Ozaki, A., Takeuchi, T., Shinozuka, K.
    • Journal Title

      Chemistry Letters

      Volume: 38 Pages: 966-967

    • NAID

      10025547099

    • Related Report
      2011 Final Research Report
  • [Journal Article] Secretogranin II Binds to Secretogranin III and Forms Secretory Granules with Orexin, Neuropeptide Y and Proopiomelanocortin.2009

    • Author(s)
      Hotta, K., Hosaka, M., Tanabe, A., Takeuchi, T. (The first two authors contributed equally to this work.)
    • Journal Title

      J. Endocrinol.

      Volume: 202 Pages: 13-14

    • Related Report
      2011 Final Research Report
  • [Journal Article] Development of photodetection method of tumor using phosphorescence of iridium(III) complexes.2009

    • Author(s)
      Yoshihara, T., Karasawa, Y., Negishi, K., Fushiya, M., Hosaka, M., Takeuchi, T., Tobita, S.
    • Journal Title

      Photomedicine and Photobiology

      Volume: 31 Pages: 13-14

    • Related Report
      2011 Final Research Report
  • [Journal Article] Development of photodetection method of tumor using phosphorescence of iridium(III)complexes2009

    • Author(s)
      Yoshihara T, Karasawa Y, Negishi K, Fushiya M, Hosaka M, Takeuchi T, Tobita S
    • Journal Title

      Photomedicine and Photobiology 31

      Pages: 13-14

    • Related Report
      2009 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] Cyclophilin C-associated protein regulation of phagocytic functions via NFAT activation in macrophages.

    • Author(s)
      Yamaguchi, R., Hosaka, M., Torii, S., Hou, N., Saito, N., Yoshimoto, Y., Imai., H., Takeuchi, T.
    • Journal Title

      Brain Res.

      Volume: 1397 Pages: 55-65

    • Related Report
      2011 Final Research Report
  • [Journal Article] Luminal Interaction of Phogrin with Carboxypeptidase E for Effective Targeting to Secretory Granules.

    • Author(s)
      Saito, N., Takeuchi, T., Kawano, A., Hosaka, M., Hou, N., Torii, S.
    • Journal Title

      Traffic

      Volume: (In press)

    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Phosphorescent Light-emitting Iridium Complexes Serve as a Hypoxia-sensing Probe for Tumor Imaging in Living Animals

    • Author(s)
      Zhang S, Hosaka M, Yoshihara T, Negishi K, Iida Y, Tobita S, Takeuchi, T
    • Journal Title

      Cancer Research (in press)

    • Related Report
      2009 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Presentation] 様々な分泌刺激に対する細胞内膜系小器官の応答の解析:下垂体前葉性腺刺激ホルモン産生細胞をモデルとして:2012

    • Author(s)
      暮地本宙己, 甲賀大輔, 穂坂正博, 牛木辰男, 渡部剛
    • Organizer
      第117回日本解剖学会総会
    • Year and Date
      2012-03-26
    • Related Report
      2011 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] Iridiumcomplex probes for monitoring of cellular oxygen levels and imaging of hypoxic tissues2012

    • Author(s)
      Tobita, S., Yoshihara, T., Kobayashi, A., Ichikawa, K., Hosaka, M., Takeuchi, T
    • Organizer
      SPIE
    • Related Report
      2011 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] Iridiumcomplex probes for monitoring of cellular oxygen levels and imaging of hypoxictissues2012

    • Author(s)
      Tobita, S., Yoshihara, T., Kobayashi, A., Ichikawa, K., Hosaka, M., Takeuchi, T
    • Organizer
      SPIE
    • Place of Presentation
      San Francisco, USA
    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 生体内低酸素領域を識別するためのイリジウム錯体の開発および生体内発光特性2011

    • Author(s)
      吉原利忠, 市川和貴, 大堀優佳, 小林敦, 穂坂正博, 竹内利行, 飛田成史
    • Organizer
      第5回分子科学討論会
    • Year and Date
      2011-09-23
    • Related Report
      2011 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] イリジウム錯体のりん光寿命測定によるin vivo酸素濃度計測2011

    • Author(s)
      小林敦, 吉原利忠, 穂坂正博, 竹内利行, 飛田成史
    • Organizer
      第5回分子科学討論会
    • Year and Date
      2011-09-23
    • Related Report
      2011 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] 近赤外りん光を示すイリジウム錯体を用いた低酸素がん腫瘍イメージング2011

    • Author(s)
      大堀優佳, 吉原利忠, 小林敦, 穂坂正博, 竹内利行, 飛田成史
    • Organizer
      第5回分子科学討論会
    • Year and Date
      2011-09-23
    • Related Report
      2011 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] イリジウム錯体のりん光を用いた低酸素がん腫瘍イメージング:配位子の構造が細胞内動態に及ぼす影響2011

    • Author(s)
      市川和貴, 吉原利忠, 小林敦, 穂坂正博, 竹内利行, 飛田成史
    • Organizer
      第5回分子科学討論会
    • Year and Date
      2011-09-23
    • Related Report
      2011 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] 生体内低酸素領域を識別するためのイリジウム錯体の開発および生体内発光特性2011

    • Author(s)
      吉原利忠, 市川和貴, 大堀優佳, 小林敦, 穂坂正博, 竹内利行, 飛田成史
    • Organizer
      第5回分子科学討論会
    • Place of Presentation
      札幌市
    • Year and Date
      2011-09-23
    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] イリジウム錯体のりん光寿命測定によるin vivo酸素濃度計測2011

    • Author(s)
      小林敦, 吉原利忠, 穂坂正博, 竹内利行, 飛田成史
    • Organizer
      第5回分子科学討論会
    • Place of Presentation
      札幌市
    • Year and Date
      2011-09-23
    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 近赤外りん光を示すイリジウム錯体を用いた低酸素がん腫瘍イメージング2011

    • Author(s)
      大堀優佳, 吉原利忠, 小林敦, 穂坂正博, 竹内利行, 飛田成史
    • Organizer
      第5回分子科学討論会
    • Place of Presentation
      札幌市
    • Year and Date
      2011-09-23
    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] イリジウム錯体のりん光を用いた低酸素がん腫瘍イメージング:配位子の構造が細胞内動態に及ぼす影響2011

    • Author(s)
      市川和貴, 吉原利忠, 小林敦, 穂坂正博, 竹内利行, 飛田成史
    • Organizer
      第5回分子科学討論会
    • Place of Presentation
      札幌市
    • Year and Date
      2011-09-23
    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] アミノクマリン誘導体を蛍光団とする蛍光性コレステロールの開発と光物理特性2011

    • Author(s)
      追川竜介, 吉原利忠, 村瀬秋子, 穂坂正博, 飛田成史
    • Organizer
      2011年光化学討論会
    • Year and Date
      2011-09-07
    • Related Report
      2011 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] 高い酸素応答性を有する近赤外発光イリジウム錯体の開発と光物理特性2011

    • Author(s)
      八木橋美樹, 吉原利忠, 穂坂正博, 竹内利行, 飛田成史
    • Organizer
      2011年光化学討論会
    • Year and Date
      2011-09-07
    • Related Report
      2011 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] アミノクマリン誘導体を蛍光団とする蛍光性コレステロールの開発と光物理特性2011

    • Author(s)
      追川竜介、吉原利忠、村瀬秋子、穂坂正博、飛田成史
    • Organizer
      2011年光化学討論会
    • Place of Presentation
      宮崎市
    • Year and Date
      2011-09-07
    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 高い酸素応答性を有する近赤外発光イリジウム錯体の開発と光物理特性2011

    • Author(s)
      八木橋美樹、吉原利忠、穂坂正博, 竹内利行、飛田成史
    • Organizer
      2011年光化学討論会
    • Place of Presentation
      宮崎市
    • Year and Date
      2011-09-07
    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 高い細胞膜透過性を示すイリジウム錯体の開発およびin vivo光イメージング2011

    • Author(s)
      吉原利忠、市川和貴、穂坂正博、竹内利行、飛田成史
    • Organizer
      第33回日本光医学・光生物学会
    • Place of Presentation
      大阪市
    • Year and Date
      2011-07-23
    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] がんの光イメージングのためのりん光プローブ分子の開発2011

    • Author(s)
      吉原利忠, 市川和貴, 八木橋美樹, 穂坂正博, 竹内利行, 飛田成史
    • Organizer
      第6回日本分子イメージング学会学術大会
    • Year and Date
      2011-05-22
    • Related Report
      2011 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] がんの光イメージングのためのりん光プローブ分子の開発2011

    • Author(s)
      吉原利忠、市川和貴、八木橋美樹、穂坂正博、竹内利行、飛田成史
    • Organizer
      第6回日本分子イメージング学会学術大会
    • Place of Presentation
      神戸市
    • Year and Date
      2011-05-22
    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Developments of Hypoxia-Sensing Probes with High Cellular Uptake Efficiency2011

    • Author(s)
      Yoshihara, T., Ichikawa, K., Hosaka, M., Takeuchi, T., Tobita, S.
    • Organizer
      The First International Symposium on Element Innovation
    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report 2011 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] Iridium complex, a phosphorescent light-emitting diode material, serves as a novel chemical probe for imaging hypoxic tumor tissues.2010

    • Author(s)
      Masahiro Hosaka
    • Organizer
      2010 World Molecular Imaging Congress
    • Year and Date
      2010-09-11
    • Related Report
      2011 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] Iridium complex, a phosphorescent light-emitting diode material, serves as a novel chemical probe for imaging hypoxic tumor tissues2010

    • Author(s)
      Masahiro Hosaka
    • Organizer
      2010 World Molecular Imaging Congress
    • Place of Presentation
      京都
    • Year and Date
      2010-09-11
    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Sorting mechanism of regulated secretory proteins by Secretogranin III2009

    • Author(s)
      Masahiro Hosaka
    • Organizer
      15th International Symposia on Chromaffin Cell Biology
    • Year and Date
      2009-11-16
    • Related Report
      2011 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] Sorting mechanism of regulated secretory proteins by Secretogranin III2009

    • Author(s)
      穂坂正博
    • Organizer
      15th International Symposia on Chromaffin Cell Biology
    • Place of Presentation
      Merida, MEXICO
    • Year and Date
      2009-11-16
    • Related Report
      2009 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 低酸素環境感知プローブイリジウム錯体による腫瘍イメージング2009

    • Author(s)
      穂坂正博, 吉原利忠, 張少娟, 飯田靖彦, 遠藤啓吾, 飛田成史, 竹内利行
    • Organizer
      日本生化学会
    • Year and Date
      2009-10-24
    • Related Report
      2011 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] 低酸素環境感知プローブイリジウム錯体による腫瘍イメージング2009

    • Author(s)
      穂坂正博、吉原利忠、張少娟、飯田靖彦、遠藤啓吾、飛田成史、竹内利行
    • Organizer
      日本生化学会
    • Place of Presentation
      神戸ポートアイランド
    • Year and Date
      2009-10-24
    • Related Report
      2009 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] イリジウム錯体の燐光を利用した癌の光検出法の開発2009

    • Author(s)
      吉原利忠, 唐澤靖幸, 根岸一也, 伏屋昌則, 穂坂正博, 竹内利行, 飛田成史
    • Organizer
      日本光医学会・光生物学会
    • Year and Date
      2009-07-24
    • Related Report
      2011 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] イリジウム錯休の燐光を利用した癌の光検出法の開発2009

    • Author(s)
      吉原利忠, 唐澤靖幸, 根岸一也, 伏屋昌則, 穂坂正博, 竹内利行, 飛田成史
    • Organizer
      日本光医学会・光生物学会
    • Place of Presentation
      梅田スカイビル
    • Year and Date
      2009-07-24
    • Related Report
      2009 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 癌のin vivoりん光イメージングを指向したイリジウム錯体の改良2009

    • Author(s)
      吉原利忠, 根岸一也, 伏屋昌則, 穂坂正博, 竹内利行, 飛田成史
    • Organizer
      日本分子イメージング学会
    • Year and Date
      2009-05-15
    • Related Report
      2011 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] 癌の in vivo りん光イメージングを指向したイリジウム錯体の改良2009

    • Author(s)
      吉原利忠、根岸一也、伏屋昌則、穂坂正博、竹内利行、飛田成史
    • Organizer
      日本分子イメージング学会
    • Place of Presentation
      学術総合センター
    • Year and Date
      2009-05-15
    • Related Report
      2009 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 高い細胞膜透過性を示すイリジウム錯体の開発およびin vivo光イメージング

    • Author(s)
      吉原利忠, 市川和貴, 穂坂正博, 竹内利行, 飛田成史
    • Organizer
      第33回日本光医学・光生物学会
    • Related Report
      2011 Final Research Report
  • [Book] 実験医学増刊Vol. 30 N0. 7, リン光プローブの設計・開発に基づくin vivo低酸素環境イメージング2012

    • Author(s)
      飛田成史, 吉原利忠, 穂坂正博, 竹内利行
    • Publisher
      羊土社
    • Related Report
      2011 Final Research Report
  • [Book] 実験医学増刊Vol.30 No.72012

    • Author(s)
      飛田成史、吉原利忠、穂坂正博、竹内利行
    • Total Pages
      226
    • Publisher
      羊土社
    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
  • [Book] Medical Science Digest 35, りん光分子プローブを用いた癌環境イメージング-低酸素の可視化2009

    • Author(s)
      飛田成史, 吉原利忠, 穂坂正博, 竹内利行
    • Related Report
      2011 Final Research Report
  • [Remarks]

    • URL

      http://www.akita-pu.ac.jp/bioresource/dbt/molb/mhosaka/index.html

    • Related Report
      2011 Final Research Report
  • [Remarks]

    • URL

      http://www.akita-pu.ac.jp/bioresource/dbt/molb/mhosaka/index.html

    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
  • [Remarks]

    • URL

      http://www.akita-pu.ac.jp/stic/souran/scholar/detail.php?id=270

    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
  • [Remarks]

    • URL

      http://www.imcr.gunma-u.ac.jp/lab/secbio/

    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
  • [Remarks]

    • URL

      http://www.imcr.gunma-u.ac.jp/lab/secbio/page5/page5.html

    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
  • [Patent(Industrial Property Rights)] 酸素濃度測定試薬および酸素濃度測定方法2012

    • Inventor(s)
      飛田成史, 吉原利忠, 竹内利行, 穂坂正博
    • Industrial Property Rights Holder
      群馬大学
    • Acquisition Date
      2012-02-24
    • Related Report
      2011 Final Research Report
  • [Patent(Industrial Property Rights)] 新規化合物およびそれを含む機能性プローブ:Novel compound and functionalluminescent probe comprising same2010

    • Inventor(s)
      飛田成史, 吉原利忠, 穂坂正博, 竹内利行
    • Industrial Property Rights Holder
      群馬大学
    • Filing Date
      2010-04-22
    • Related Report
      2011 Final Research Report
    • Overseas
  • [Patent(Industrial Property Rights)] 新規化合物およびそれを含む機能性プローブNovel compound and functional luminescent probe comprising same2010

    • Inventor(s)
      飛田成史, 吉原利忠, 穂坂正博, 竹内利行
    • Industrial Property Rights Holder
      国立大学法人群馬大学
    • Filing Date
      2010-04-22
    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
    • Overseas

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Published: 2009-04-01   Modified: 2018-03-28  

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