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Elucidation of cellular signaling defect and mechanism of cell-specific degeneration in polyglutamine diseases

Research Project

Project/Area Number 21689024
Research Category

Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (A)

Allocation TypeSingle-year Grants
Research Field Neurology
Research InstitutionNagoya University

Principal Investigator

KATSUNO Masahisa  Nagoya University, 大学院・医学系研究科, 特任准教授 (50402566)

Project Period (FY) 2009 – 2010
Project Status Completed (Fiscal Year 2010)
Budget Amount *help
¥27,820,000 (Direct Cost: ¥21,400,000、Indirect Cost: ¥6,420,000)
Fiscal Year 2010: ¥11,310,000 (Direct Cost: ¥8,700,000、Indirect Cost: ¥2,610,000)
Fiscal Year 2009: ¥16,510,000 (Direct Cost: ¥12,700,000、Indirect Cost: ¥3,810,000)
Keywordsポリグルタミン病 / 運動ニューロン / TGF-βシグナル / 球脊髄性筋萎縮症 / ポリグルタミン / アンドロゲン受容体 / HSF-1 / HSP70 / 分子シャペロン / 神経変性 / NF-Y / TGF-beta / 転写障害 / Smad2
Research Abstract

Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is a late-onset lower motor neuron disease caused by the expansion of a trinucleotide CAG repeat in androgen receptor (AR). Although it is commonly held that the pathogenic polyglutamine proteins induce transcriptional dysregulation, the down-stream molecular events have remained elusive. Here we examined whether TGF-βsignaling is dysregulated in SBMA. Nuclear translocation of phosphorylated Smad2/3 is suppressed in the spinal motor neurons of male transgenic mice carrying the mutant human AR. The pathogenic AR inhibits the transcription of TGF-βreceptor type II (TβRII), via abnormal interactions with NF-Y and p300/CBP-associated factor (P/CAF). Furthermore, overexpression of TβRII dampens the cytotoxicity of the pathogenic AR. The present study thus indicates that disruption of TGF-βdue to the transcriptional dysregulation of TβRII is associated with polyglutamine-induced motor neuron damage in SBMA.

Report

(3 results)
  • 2010 Annual Research Report   Final Research Report ( PDF )
  • 2009 Annual Research Report
  • Research Products

    (50 results)

All 2011 2010 2009

All Journal Article (27 results) (of which Peer Reviewed: 12 results) Presentation (20 results) Book (2 results) Patent(Industrial Property Rights) (1 results)

  • [Journal Article] Dutasteride for spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy : another advance towards disease-modifying therapy.2011

    • Author(s)
      Banno H, Katsuno M, Suzuki K, Sobue .
    • Journal Title

      Lancet Neurol. 10

      Pages: 113-115

    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
  • [Journal Article] Transforming growth factor-β signaling in motor neuron diseases.2011

    • Author(s)
      Katsuno M, Adachi H, Banno H, Suzuki K, Tanaka F, Sobue G.
    • Journal Title

      Current Mol Med. 11

      Pages: 48-56

    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
  • [Journal Article] icroarray analysis of gene expression by skeletal muscle of three mouse models of kennedy disease/spinal bulbar muscular atrophy.2010

    • Author(s)
      Mo K, Razak Z, Rao P, Yu Z, Adachi H, Katsuno M, Sobue G, Lieberman AP, Westwood JT, Monks DA.M
    • Journal Title

      PLoS One 5

    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
  • [Journal Article] for the Japan SBMA Interventional Trial for TAP-144-SR (JASMITT) study group.Efficacy and safety of leuprorelin in patients with spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (JASMITT study) : a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.2010

    • Author(s)
      Katsuno M, Banno H, Suzuki K, Takeuchi Y, Kawashima M, Yabe I, Sasaki H, Aoki M, Morita M, Nakano I, Kanai K, Ito S, Ishikawa K, Mizusawa H, Yamamoto T, Tsuji S, Hasegawa K, Shimohata T, Nishizawa M, Miyajima H, Kanda F, Watanabe Y, Nakashima K, Tsujino A, Yamashita T, Uchino M, Fujimoto Y, Tanaka F, Sobue G
    • Journal Title

      Lancet Neurol. 9

      Pages: 875-884

    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
  • [Journal Article] Disrupted TGF-beta signaling in spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy.2010

    • Author(s)
      Katsuno M, Adachi H, Minamiyama M, Waza M, Doi H, Kondo N, Mizoguchi H, Nitta A, Yamada K, Banno H, Suzuki K, Tanaka F, Sobue G.
    • Journal Title

      J Neurosci. 30

      Pages: 5702-5712

    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
  • [Journal Article] The profile of motor unit number estimation (MUNE) in spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy.2010

    • Author(s)
      Suzuki K, Katsuno M, Banno H, Takeuchi Y, Kawashima M, Suga N, Hashizume A, Hama T, Uchida K, Yamashita F, Nakamura T, Hirayama M, Tanaka F, Sobue G.
    • Journal Title

      J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 81

      Pages: 567-571

    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
  • [Journal Article] Microarray analysis of gene expression by skeletal muscle of three mouse models of kennedy disease/spinal bulbar muscular atrophy.2010

    • Author(s)
      Mo K, Razak Z, Rao P, Yu Z, Adachi H, Katsuno M, Sobue G, Lieberman AP, Westwood JT, Monks DA.
    • Journal Title

      PLoS One

      Volume: 5

    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Efficacy and safety of leuprorelin in patients with spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (JASMITT study) : a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.2010

    • Author(s)
      Katsuno M, Banno H, Suzuki K, Takeuchi Y, Kawashima M, Yabe I, Sasaki H, Aoki M, Morita M, Nakano I, Kanai K, Ito S, Ishikawa K, Mizusawa H, Yamamoto T, Tsuji S, Hasegawa K, Shimohata T, Nishizawa M, Miyajima H, Kanda F, Watanabe Y, Nakashima K, Tsujino A, Yamashita T, Uchino M, Fujimoto Y, Tanaka F, Sobue G ; for the Japan SBMA Interventional Trial for TAP-144-SR (JASMITT) study gtoup.
    • Journal Title

      Lancet Neurol.

      Volume: 9 Pages: 875-884

    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Disrupted TGF-beta signaling in spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy.2010

    • Author(s)
      Katsuno M, Adachi H, Minamiyama M, Waza M, Doi H, Kondo N, Mizoguchi H, Nitta A, Yamada K, Banno H, Suzuki K, Tanaka F, Sobue G.
    • Journal Title

      J Neurosci.

      Volume: 30 Pages: 5702-5707

    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] The profile of motor unit number estimation (MUNE) in spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy.2010

    • Author(s)
      Suzuki K, Katsuno M, Banno H, Takeuchi Y, Kawashima M, Suga N, Hashizume A, Hama T, Uchida K, Yamashita F, Nakamura T, Hirayama M, Tanaka F, Sobue G.
    • Journal Title

      J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry

      Volume: 81 Pages: 567-571

    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Dutasteride for spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy : another advance to wards disease-modifying therapy.2010

    • Author(s)
      Banno H, Katsuno M, Suzuki K, Sobue G.
    • Journal Title

      Lancet Neurol.

      Volume: 10 Pages: 113-115

    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] Transforming growth factor-beta signaling in motor neuron diseases.2010

    • Author(s)
      Katsuno M, Adachi H, Banno H, Suzuki K, Tanaka F, Sobue G.
    • Journal Title

      Current Mol Med.

      Volume: 11 Pages: 48-56

    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Clinical features and molecular mechanisms of spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA).2010

    • Author(s)
      Katsuno M, Banno H, Suzuki K, Adachi H, Tanaka F, Sobue G.
    • Journal Title

      Adv Exp Med Biol.

      Volume: 685 Pages: 64-74

    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Dorfin ameliorates phenotypes in a transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.2010

    • Author(s)
      Sone, J., Niwa, J.I., Kawai, K., Ishigaki, S., Yamada, S.I., Adachi, H., Katsuno, M., Tanaka, F., Doyu, M., Sobue, G.
    • Journal Title

      J Neurosci Res.

      Volume: 88 Pages: 123-135

    • Related Report
      2009 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Heat shock proteins in neurodegenerative diseases : Pathogenic roles and therapeutic implications.2009

    • Author(s)
      Adachi H, Katsuno M, Waza M, Minamiyama M, Tanaka F, Sobue G.
    • Journal Title

      Int J Hyperthermia 25

      Pages: 647-654

    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
  • [Journal Article] Overexpression of IGF-1 in muscle attenuates disease in a mouse model of spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy.2009

    • Author(s)
      Palazzolo I, Stack C, Kong L, Musaro A, Adachi H, Katsuno M, Sobue G, Taylor JP, Sumner CJ, Fischbeck KH, Pennuto M.
    • Journal Title

      Neuron 63

      Pages: 316-328

    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
  • [Journal Article] TDP-43 Depletion Induces Neuronal Cell Damage through Dysregulation of Rho Family GTPases.2009

    • Author(s)
      Iguchi Y, Katsuno M, Niwa J, Yamada S, Sone J, Waza M, Adachi H, Tanaka F, Nagata K, Arimura N, Watanabe T, Kaibuchi K, Sobue G.
    • Journal Title

      J Biol Chem. 284

      Pages: 22059-22066

    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
  • [Journal Article] Getting a handle on Huntington's disease : the case for cholesterol.2009

    • Author(s)
      Katsuno M, Adachi H, Sobue G.
    • Journal Title

      Nat Med. 15

      Pages: 253-254

    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
  • [Journal Article] Phase 2 trial of leuprorelin in patients with spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy.2009

    • Author(s)
      Banno H, Katsuno M, Suzuki K, Takeuchi Y, Kawashima M, Suga N, Takamori M, Ito M, Nakamura T, Matsuo K, Yamada S, Oki Y, Adachi H, Minamiyama M, Waza M, Atsuta N, Watanabe H, Fujimoto Y, Nakashima T, Tanaka F, Doyu M, Sobue G.
    • Journal Title

      Ann Neurol. 65

      Pages: 140-150

    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
  • [Journal Article] Neuropathology and therapeutic intervention in spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy.2009

    • Author(s)
      Banno H, Katsuno M, Suzuki K, Tanaka F.Sobue G.
    • Journal Title

      Int J Mol Sci. 10

      Pages: 1000-1012

    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
  • [Journal Article] 17-DMAG ameliorates polyglutamine-mediated motor neuron degeneration through well-preserved proteasome function in a SBMA model mouse.2009

    • Author(s)
      Tokui K, Adachi H, Waza M, Katsuno M, Minamiyama M, Doi H, Tanaka K, Hamazaki J, Murata S, Tanaka F, Sobue G.
    • Journal Title

      Hum Mol Genet. 18

      Pages: 898-910

    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
  • [Journal Article] Single nucleotide polymorphism of TAG-1 influences IVIg responsiveness of Japanese patients with CIDP.2009

    • Author(s)
      Iijima, M., Tomita, M., Morozumi, S., Kawagashira, Y., Nakamura, T., Koike, H., Katsuno, M., Hattori, N., Tanaka, F., Yamamoto, M., Sobue, G.
    • Journal Title

      Neurology

      Volume: 73 Pages: 1348-1352

    • Related Report
      2009 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Overexpression of IGF-1 in muscle attenuates disease in a mouse model of spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy.2009

    • Author(s)
      Palazzolo, I., Stack, C., Kong, L., Musaro, A., Adachi, H., Katsuno, M., Sobue, G., Taylor, J.P., Sumner, C.J., Fischbeck, K.H., Pennuto, M.
    • Journal Title

      Neuron

      Volume: 63 Pages: 316-328

    • Related Report
      2009 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] TDP-43 Depletion Induces Neuronal Cell Damage through Dysregulation of Rho Family GTPases.2009

    • Author(s)
      Iguchi, Y., Katsuno, M., Niwa, J., Yamada, S., Sone, J., Waza, M., Adachi, H., Tanaka, F., Nagata, K., Arimura, N., Watanabe, T., Kaibuchi, K., Sobue, G.
    • Journal Title

      J Biol Chem.

      Volume: 284 Pages: 22059-22066

    • Related Report
      2009 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Heat shock proteins in neurodegenerative diseases : Pathogenic roles and therapeutic implications.2009

    • Author(s)
      Adachi, H., Katsuno, M., Waza, M., Minamiyama, M., Tanaka, F., Sobue, G.
    • Journal Title

      Int J Hyperthermia

      Volume: 25 Pages: 647-654

    • Related Report
      2009 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Neuropathology and therapeutic intervention in spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy.2009

    • Author(s)
      Banno, H., Katsuno, M., Suzuki, K., Tanaka, F., Sobue, G.
    • Journal Title

      Int J Mol Sci.

      Volume: 10 Pages: 1000-1012

    • Related Report
      2009 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] Pathogenesis-targeting therapeutics for spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA).2009

    • Author(s)
      Suzuki, K., Katsuno, M., Banno, H., Sobue, G.
    • Journal Title

      Neuropathology

      Volume: 29 Pages: 509-516

    • NAID

      10028192075

    • Related Report
      2009 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Presentation] 球脊髄性筋萎縮症に対する臨床治験の取組2010

    • Author(s)
      勝野雅央
    • Organizer
      平成22年度厚生労働科学研究費補助金(難治性疾患克服研究事業)「今後の難病対策に関する研究」シンポジウム
    • Place of Presentation
      東京[招待講演]
    • Year and Date
      2010-08-28
    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] 球脊髄性筋萎縮症に対する臨床治験の取組2010

    • Author(s)
      勝野雅央
    • Organizer
      平成22年度厚生労働科学研究費補助金(難治性疾患克服研究事業)「今後の難病対策に関する研究」シンポジウム
    • Place of Presentation
      東京
    • Year and Date
      2010-08-28
    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Disrupted TGF-υ signaling in spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy.2010

    • Author(s)
      Katsuno M, Adachi H, Minamiyama M, Doi H, Kondo N, Matsumoto S, Miyazaki Y, Banno H, Suzuki K, Tanaka F, Sobue G.
    • Organizer
      21st International Symposium on ALS/MND.
    • Place of Presentation
      Orlando, USA
    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] A peony extract alleviates polyglutamine-mediated motor neuron disease.2010

    • Author(s)
      Adachi H, Tohnai G, Katsuno M, Minamiyama M, Doi H, Matsumoto S, Kondo N, Miyazaki Y, Tanaka F, Sobue G.
    • Organizer
      Neuroscience 2010
    • Place of Presentation
      San Diego, USA
    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] Oxidative stress induces TDP-43 modification, recapitulating its pathological feature.2010

    • Author(s)
      Iguchi Y, Katsuno M, Takagi S, Sobue G.
    • Organizer
      Neuroscience 2010
    • Place of Presentation
      San Diego, USA
    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report 2010 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] Videofluorography in spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA).2010

    • Author(s)
      Banno H, Katsuno M, Suzuki K, Tanaka S, Kawashima M, Suga N, Hashizume A, Fujimoto Y.Sobue G.
    • Organizer
      62nd American Academy of Neurology Annual Meeting
    • Place of Presentation
      Tronto, Canada
    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report 2010 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] 運動ニューロン変性におけるTGF-βシグナルの役割2010

    • Author(s)
      勝野雅央, 足立弘明, 南山誠, 土井英樹, 近藤直英, 松本慎二郎, 田中章景, 祖父江元
    • Organizer
      第6回宮崎サイエンスキャンプ
    • Place of Presentation
      宮崎[招待講演]
    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] Disrupted TGF-beta signaling in spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy.2010

    • Author(s)
      Katsuno M, Adachi H, Minamiyama M, Doi H, Kondo N, Matsumoto S, Miyazaki Y, Banno H, Suzuki K, Tanaka F, Sobue G.
    • Organizer
      21st International Symposium on ALS/MND.
    • Place of Presentation
      Orlando, USA
    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] A peony extract alleviates polyglutamine-mediated motor neuron disease2010

    • Author(s)
      Adachi H, Tohnai G, Katsuno M, Minamiyama M, Doi H, Matsumoto S, Kondo N, Miyazaki Y, Tanaka F, Sobue G.
    • Organizer
      Neuroscience 2010
    • Place of Presentation
      San Diego, USA
    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 球脊髄性筋萎縮症(SBMA)の心筋におけるNaチャンネル機能の解析2010

    • Author(s)
      勝野雅央、坂野晴彦、鈴木啓介、須賀徳明、橋詰淳、足立弘明、堀江稔、松浦博、田中章景、祖父江元
    • Organizer
      第51回日本神経学会総会
    • Place of Presentation
      東京
    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 運動ニューロン変性におけるTGF-betaシグナルの役割2010

    • Author(s)
      勝野雅央, 足立弘明, 南山誠, 土井英樹, 近藤直英, 松本慎二郎, 田中章景, 祖父江元
    • Organizer
      第6回宮崎サイエンスキャンプ
    • Place of Presentation
      宮崎
    • Related Report
      2009 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 神経変性疾患に対する分子標的治療の開発と応用-球脊髄性筋萎縮症(SBMA)を中心に2009

    • Author(s)
      勝野雅央
    • Organizer
      国立循環器病センターセミナー
    • Place of Presentation
      大阪
    • Year and Date
      2009-10-30
    • Related Report
      2009 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 医師主導臨床試験の方法論,神経変性疾患の臨床試験の実施経験から2009

    • Author(s)
      勝野雅央
    • Organizer
      医薬経済学教育研究プログラム第3回シンポジウム「患者アウトカム研究への期待と課題」
    • Place of Presentation
      東京
    • Year and Date
      2009-09-05
    • Related Report
      2009 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 球脊髄性筋萎縮症に対する分子治療2009

    • Author(s)
      勝野雅央
    • Organizer
      第50回日本神経学会総会シンポジウム「ポリグルタミン病への分子生物学的アプローチ」
    • Place of Presentation
      仙台
    • Year and Date
      2009-05-22
    • Related Report
      2009 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] TDP-43 depletion induces neuronal cell damage through dysregulation of Rho family GTPases.2009

    • Author(s)
      Iguchi Y, Katsuno M, Niwa J, Yamada S, Sone J, Waza M, Adachi H, Tanaka F, Nagata K, Arimura N, Watanabe T, Kaibuchi K, Sobue G.
    • Organizer
      Neuroscience 2009
    • Place of Presentation
      Chicago, USA
    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] Phase 2 trial of leuprorelin in patients with spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy.2009

    • Author(s)
      Banno H, Katsuno M, Suzuki K, Takeuchi Y, Kawashima M, Suga N, Takamori M, Ito M, Nakamura T, Matsuo K, Yamada S, Oki Y, Adachi H, Minamiyama M, Waza M, Atsuta N, Watanabe H, Fujimoto Y, Nakashima T, Tanaka F, Doyu M, Sobue G.
    • Organizer
      61st American Academy of Neurology Annual Meeting
    • Place of Presentation
      Seattle, USA
    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] 球脊髄性筋萎縮症(SBMA)におけるナトリウムチャンネルの発現異常.2009

    • Author(s)
      勝野雅央、足立弘明、南山誠、土井英樹、近藤直英、松本慎二郎、坂野晴彦、鈴木啓介、田中章景、祖父江元
    • Organizer
      Neuro2010
    • Place of Presentation
      神戸
    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] TDP-43 depletion induces neuronal cell damage through dysregulation of Rho family GTPases..2009

    • Author(s)
      Iguchi, Y., Katsuno, M., Niwa, J., Yamada, S., Sone, J., Waza, M., Adachi, H., Tanaka, F., Nagata, K., Arimura, N., Watanabe, T., Kaibuchi, K., Sobue, G.
    • Organizer
      Neuroscience 2009
    • Place of Presentation
      Chicago, USA
    • Related Report
      2009 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] ポリグルタミン病におけるTGF-betaシグナルの異常2009

    • Author(s)
      勝野雅央, 足立弘明, 南山誠, 和座雅浩, 徳井啓介, 土井英樹, 田中章景, 祖父江元
    • Organizer
      第32回日本神経科学大会
    • Place of Presentation
      名古屋
    • Related Report
      2009 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] ポリグルタミン病におけるTGF-betaシグナル異常2009

    • Author(s)
      勝野雅央, 足立弘明, 南山誠, 和座雅浩, 徳井啓介, 土井英樹, 坂野晴彦, 鈴木啓介, 竹内優, 川島基, 須賀徳明, 祖父江元
    • Organizer
      第50回日本神経学会総会
    • Place of Presentation
      仙台
    • Related Report
      2009 Annual Research Report
  • [Book] In Diseases of DNA Repair.(Shamim I.Ahmad ed.)(Clinical features and Molecular Mechanisms of spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA).), Austin, USA2010

    • Author(s)
      Katsuno M, Banno H, Suzuki K, Adachi H, Tanaka F, Sobue G.
    • Publisher
      Landes Bioscience
    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
  • [Book] Clinical features and Molecular Mechanisms of spinal and bulbar muscularatrophy (SBMA). In Diseases of DNA Repair. Shamim I.Ahmad ed.2009

    • Author(s)
      Katsuno, M., Banno, H., Suzuki, K., Adachi, H., Tanaka, F., Sobue, G.
    • Total Pages
      256
    • Publisher
      Landes Bioscience
    • Related Report
      2009 Annual Research Report
  • [Patent(Industrial Property Rights)] 球脊髄性筋萎縮症治療薬2009

    • Inventor(s)
      祖父江元・南山誠・勝野雅央
    • Industrial Property Number
      2009-277101
    • Filing Date
      2009-12-05
    • Related Report
      2009 Annual Research Report

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Published: 2009-04-01   Modified: 2016-04-21  

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