| Budget Amount *help |
¥4,420,000 (Direct Cost: ¥3,400,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,020,000)
Fiscal Year 2012: ¥520,000 (Direct Cost: ¥400,000、Indirect Cost: ¥120,000)
Fiscal Year 2011: ¥520,000 (Direct Cost: ¥400,000、Indirect Cost: ¥120,000)
Fiscal Year 2010: ¥520,000 (Direct Cost: ¥400,000、Indirect Cost: ¥120,000)
Fiscal Year 2009: ¥2,860,000 (Direct Cost: ¥2,200,000、Indirect Cost: ¥660,000)
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| Research Abstract |
Ridges were significantly dominant over slopes and valleys in terms of total bear-created canopy gaps. The annual rate of bear-created canopy gap formation reached 141.3 m2 ha〓1 yr〓1 on ridges, which were hot spots in terms of black bear activity. This rate was approximately 6.6 times that of tree-fall gap formation on ridges at this study site. Canopy disturbance created by black bears in the middle‐top canopy layers were key for improving light conditions and accelerating fruiting by fleshy-fruited plants. Camera-trap data showed that birds and mammals used bear shelves as habitats for foraging, hoarding, resting, and reproducing.
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