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Knowledge-driven Nanodrug design through understanding of a role of Phase-separated condensate in chemotherapy using Single-Cell endoscopy

Research Project

Project/Area Number 21H04634
Research Category

Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A)

Allocation TypeSingle-year Grants
Section一般
Review Section Medium-sized Section 28:Nano/micro science and related fields
Research InstitutionHokkaido University

Principal Investigator

雲林院 宏  北海道大学, 電子科学研究所, 教授 (40519352)

Co-Investigator(Kenkyū-buntansha) 松崎 典弥  大阪大学, 大学院工学研究科, 教授 (00419467)
金蔵 孝介  東京医科大学, 医学部, 主任教授 (10508568)
猪瀬 朋子  京都大学, 白眉センター, 特定准教授 (10772296)
笠井 均  東北大学, 多元物質科学研究所, 教授 (30312680)
Project Period (FY) 2021-04-05 – 2025-03-31
Project Status Granted (Fiscal Year 2024)
Budget Amount *help
¥41,730,000 (Direct Cost: ¥32,100,000、Indirect Cost: ¥9,630,000)
Fiscal Year 2024: ¥9,230,000 (Direct Cost: ¥7,100,000、Indirect Cost: ¥2,130,000)
Fiscal Year 2023: ¥8,710,000 (Direct Cost: ¥6,700,000、Indirect Cost: ¥2,010,000)
Fiscal Year 2022: ¥13,390,000 (Direct Cost: ¥10,300,000、Indirect Cost: ¥3,090,000)
Fiscal Year 2021: ¥10,400,000 (Direct Cost: ¥8,000,000、Indirect Cost: ¥2,400,000)
Keywords薬輸送システム / ラマン分光 / 単一細胞解析 / 単一細胞エンドスコピー / membrane-less organelle / 細胞内相分離 / ナノプロドラッグ / エンドスコピー / 単一分子エンドスコピー / 増強ラマン散乱 / メンブレンレスオルガネラ / 抗がん薬
Outline of Research at the Start

細胞内membrane-less organelle (MLO)の機能異常は細胞のがん化に寄与し、低分子量抗がん剤のMLOへの選択的局在化は薬理学的特性や薬剤耐性を決定する要因になり得る可能性がある。しかし、これらの物理化学的要因は不明である。本研究では単一細胞エンドスコピーとプロテオーム解析を併用して、MLOと抗がん剤の分子相互作用、細胞内MLOの生化学的機能・薬理特性との関係を解明することを目的とする。さらに、得られる知見をもとに、特定のMLOに集積する新規抗がん剤分子および薬輸送システムを開発し、薬効効果の向上、薬耐性の回避を目標とした新規創薬への指針を示す。

Outline of Annual Research Achievements

細胞内には、脂質膜を持たないオルガネラ(membrane-less organelle: MLO)が存在し、細胞の恒常性に重要な働きをしている。MLOの機能異常、例えばスーパーエンハンサー 、核スペックル、核小体などの異常は細胞のがん化に寄与する。近年、低分子量抗がん剤の特定のMLOへの選択的局在化が、その薬理学的特性を決定し、がん細胞の耐性化の要因になり得る可能性が示された。しかし、MLOの選択性や分子間相互作用等は全く不明である。本研究では「単一細胞エンドスコピック増強ラマン分光法(SERS)」とプロテオーム解析を併用して、MLOと抗がん剤の相互作用およびそれによる細胞内MLOの生化学的機能・抗がん剤薬理特性との関係を網羅的に解析する。その知見をもとに、特定のMLOに集積する新規抗がん剤分子および薬輸送システム(Drug delivery system: DDS) を開発し、薬効効果の向上、薬耐性の回避を目標とした新規創薬への指針を示す。
2022年度は、MLOのモデルであるRNAとペプチドのドロップレットを試験管内に作成し、そのドロップレット内の抗がん剤分子レベル小分子と、ペプチドやRNAなどマクロ分子の拡散ダイナミクスを蛍光顕微鏡を用いたFluorescence recovery after photobleaching(FLAP)を利用した小分子拡散解析を行う準備を整えた。また、ラマン分光と組み合わせることで小分子とマクロ分子の相互作用の解析も可能にした。

Current Status of Research Progress
Current Status of Research Progress

2: Research has progressed on the whole more than it was originally planned.

Reason

単一細胞内部へ届けられた抗がん剤分子の局在化、分子相互作用などを解析するため、研究代表者開発の「単一細胞エンドスコピック増強ラマン分光法(SERS)」を更に発展させ、細胞核内での抗がん剤―DNA相互作用、及び薬輸送システムから放出される抗がん剤分子の検出、およびプロドラッグからの抗がん特性分子の放出の検出を可能とした。また、MLOの一つである数マイクロメートルサイズの核小体のみを狙った「単一細胞エンドスコピック増強ラマン分光法(SERS)」を可能とすべく、2022年度にはエンドスコピック顕微鏡を新たに改良・構築し、抗がん剤分子とDNAの相互作用を反映したラマン散乱スペクトルが得られた。また、MLOのモデルであるRNAとペプチドのドロップレットを試験管内に作成し、ドロップレット内での分子拡散効率をFluorescence recovery after photobleaching(FLAP)を利用して解析する準備を整えた。そのため、概ね順調に進行しているといえる。
[繰越分] 合成方法の設計を見直し、新たに作製したプロドラッグナノ粒子の表面修飾最適化後、評価をやり直して実施する必要が生じたため、R6年1月末まで繰り越した。MOLに集積させるためのリガンドを合成時に修飾すると、DDSが凝集してしまう問題が生じたため、再設計後のプロドラッグナノ粒子の表面修飾とその評価をやり直した。しかし、設計後も凝集を防ぐことが不可能であったため、表面修飾後にリガンドを導入する方法に切り替えた。そのための表面修飾手法を最適化した。

Strategy for Future Research Activity

2022年度は、MLOの一つである数マイクロメートルサイズの細胞核のみ、または核小体のみを狙った「単一細胞エンドスコピック増強ラマン分光法(SERS)」を行うための顕微鏡を改良・構築したため、2023年度は、単一細胞の任意位置(細胞質または細胞核内など)での抗がん剤の検出を試みる。薬輸送システムによる抗がん剤輸送と、通常のがん治療に用いられているような抗がん剤分子溶液による薬輸送を比較することで、薬分子のM細胞核への輸送効率を検証する。表面修飾後にMLOターゲットリガンドを導入し、細胞内挙動の評価を行う。

Report

(3 results)
  • 2022 Annual Research Report
  • 2021 Comments on the Screening Results   Annual Research Report
  • Research Products

    (40 results)

All 2024 2023 2022 2021 Other

All Int'l Joint Research (2 results) Journal Article (24 results) (of which Int'l Joint Research: 14 results,  Peer Reviewed: 24 results,  Open Access: 10 results) Presentation (13 results) (of which Int'l Joint Research: 8 results,  Invited: 10 results) Remarks (1 results)

  • [Int'l Joint Research] メルボルン大学(オーストラリア)

    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] ルーヴァン大学(ベルギー)

    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] Development of -phenylalanine-grafted poly (vinyl alcohol) scaffold for selective capturing of cancer cells2024

    • Author(s)
      Itani Ryoto、Mitsuyasu Ryo、Dong-hee Kang、Homma Kenta、Matsusaki Michiya
    • Journal Title

      Talanta Open

      Volume: 9 Pages: 100314-100314

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.talo.2024.100314

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Liquid-phase photo-induced covalent modification (PICM) of single-layer graphene by short-chain fatty acids2023

    • Author(s)
      Feng Guilin、Inose Tomoko、Suzuki Nozomu、Wen Han、Taemaitree Farsai、Wolf Mathias、Toyouchi Shuichi、Fujita Yasuhiko、Hirai Kenji、Uji-i Hiroshi
    • Journal Title

      Nanoscale

      Volume: 15 Issue: 10 Pages: 4932-4939

    • DOI

      10.1039/d2nr06698j

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report 2021 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Fabrication of Molecular Blocks with High Responsiveness to the Cancer Microenvironment by Ursodeoxycholic Acid2023

    • Author(s)
      Moroishi Kazuki、Nakamoto Masahiko、Matsusaki Michiya
    • Journal Title

      Biomacromolecules

      Volume: in press Issue: 5 Pages: 2369-2379

    • DOI

      10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00235

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] “Out‐of‐the‐box” Granular Gel Bath Based on Cationic Polyvinyl Alcohol Microgels for Embedded Extrusion Printing2023

    • Author(s)
      Zeng Jinfeng、Xie Zhengtian、Dekishima Yasumasa、Kuwagaki Setsuka、Sakai Norihito、Matsusaki Michiya
    • Journal Title

      Macromolecular Rapid Communications

      Volume: 44 Issue: 8 Pages: 2300025-2300025

    • DOI

      10.1002/marc.202300025

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Biofabrication of vascularized adipose tissues and their biomedical applications2023

    • Author(s)
      Karanfil Asli Sena、Louis Fiona、Matsusaki Michiya
    • Journal Title

      Materials Horizons

      Volume: in press Issue: 5 Pages: 1539-1558

    • DOI

      10.1039/d2mh01391f

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Length-Controllable Gold-Coated Silver Nanowire Probes for High AFM-TERS Scattering Activity2022

    • Author(s)
      Wen Han、Li Jiangtao、Zhang Qiang、Inose Tomoko、Peeters Wannes、Fortuni Beatrice、Asakawa Hitoshi、Masuhara Akito、Hirai Kenji、Toyouchi Shuichi、Fujita Yasuhiko、Uji-i Hiroshi
    • Journal Title

      Nano Letters

      Volume: 23 Issue: 4 Pages: 1615-1621

    • DOI

      10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03985

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report 2021 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Autotuning of Vibrational Strong Coupling for Site‐Selective Reactions2022

    • Author(s)
      Hirai Kenji、Ishikawa Hiroto、Takahashi Yasufumi、Hutchison James A.、Uji‐i Hiroshi
    • Journal Title

      Chemistry- A European Journal

      Volume: 28 Issue: 47

    • DOI

      10.1002/chem.202201260

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Host and guest joining forces: a holistic approach for metal?organic frameworks in nonlinear optics2022

    • Author(s)
      Wolf Mathias、Hirai Kenji、Toyouchi Shuichi、Daelemans Brent、Fron Eduard、Uji-i Hiroshi
    • Journal Title

      Journal of Materials Chemistry C

      Volume: 10 Issue: 25 Pages: 9471-9477

    • DOI

      10.1039/d2tc01075e

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report 2021 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] All-Optical and One-Color Rewritable Chemical Patterning on Pristine Graphene under Water2022

    • Author(s)
      Toyouchi Shuichi、Wolf Mathias、Feng Guilin、Fujita Yasuhiko、Fortuni Beatrice、Inose Tomoko、Hirai Kenji、De Feyter Steven、Uji-i Hiroshi
    • Journal Title

      The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters

      Volume: 13 Issue: 17 Pages: 3796-3803

    • DOI

      10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00446

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report 2021 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Chemically oligomerizable TDP-43: a novel chemogenetic tool for studying the pathophysiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis2022

    • Author(s)
      Kanekura Kohsuke、Yamanaka Yoshiaki、Miyagi Tamami、Kuroda Masahiko
    • Journal Title

      Neural Regeneration Research

      Volume: 17 Issue: 11 Pages: 2434-2434

    • DOI

      10.4103/1673-5374.335803

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] How can we interpret the relationship between liquid-liquid phase separation and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?2022

    • Author(s)
      Kanekura Kohsuke、Kuroda Masahiko
    • Journal Title

      Laboratory Investigation

      Volume: 102 Issue: 9 Pages: 912-918

    • DOI

      10.1038/s41374-022-00791-x

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] The Patterning and Proportion of Charged Residues in the Arginine-Rich Mixed-Charge Domain Determine the Membrane-Less Organelle Targeted by the Protein2022

    • Author(s)
      Miyagi Tamami、Yamazaki Rio、Ueda Koji、Narumi Satoshi、Hayamizu Yuhei、Uji-i Hiroshi、Kuroda Masahiko、Kanekura Kohsuke
    • Journal Title

      International Journal of Molecular Sciences

      Volume: 23 Issue: 14 Pages: 7658-7658

    • DOI

      10.3390/ijms23147658

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Effect of Multivalency on Phase-Separated Droplets Consisting of Poly(PR) Dipeptide Repeats and RNA at the Solid/Liquid Interface2022

    • Author(s)
      Chen Chen、Jia Han、Nakamura Yoshiki、Kanekura Kohsuke、Hayamizu Yuhei
    • Journal Title

      ACS Omega

      Volume: 7 Issue: 23 Pages: 19280-19287

    • DOI

      10.1021/acsomega.2c00811

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Fabrication of a Gelatin-Based Microdevice for Vascular Cell Culture2022

    • Author(s)
      Sasaki Satoko、Suzuki Tomoko、Morikawa Kyojiro、Matsusaki Michiya、Sato Kae
    • Journal Title

      Micromachines

      Volume: 14 Issue: 1 Pages: 107-107

    • DOI

      10.3390/mi14010107

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Fabrication of a Polymeric Inhibitor of Proximal Metabolic Enzymes in Hypoxia for Synergistic Inhibition of Cancer Cell Proliferation, Survival, and Migration2022

    • Author(s)
      Yuki Koba, Masahiko Nakamoto, Michiya Matsusaki
    • Journal Title

      ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

      Volume: 14 Issue: 46 Pages: 51790-51797

    • DOI

      10.1021/acsami.2c16454

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Injectable Prevascularized Mature Adipose Tissues (iPAT) to Achieve Long‐Term Survival in Soft Tissue Regeneration2022

    • Author(s)
      Louis Fiona、Sowa Yoshihiro、Irie Shinji、Higuchi Yuriko、Kitano Shiro、Mazda Osam、Matsusaki Michiya
    • Journal Title

      Advanced Healthcare Materials

      Volume: 11 Issue: 23 Pages: 2201440-2201440

    • DOI

      10.1002/adhm.202201440

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Mechanism assay of interaction between blood vessels-near infrared probe and cell surface marker proteins of endothelial cells2022

    • Author(s)
      Abdul Sisak Muhammad Asri、Louis Fiona、Miyao Tomoyuki、Lee Sun Hyeok、Chang Young-Tae、Matsusaki Michiya
    • Journal Title

      Materials Today Bio

      Volume: 15 Pages: 100332-100332

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100332

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Layer-by-layer assembly methods and their biomedical applications2022

    • Author(s)
      Zhang Zhuying、Zeng Jinfeng、Groll Juergen、Matsusaki Michiya
    • Journal Title

      Biomaterials Science

      Volume: 10 Issue: 15 Pages: 4077-4094

    • DOI

      10.1039/d2bm00497f

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Effect of Extracellular Matrix Density and Cell Number on Blood Capillary Formation in Three-Dimensional Tissue2022

    • Author(s)
      Shang Yucheng、Zeng Jinfeng、Xie Zhengtian、Sasaki Naoko、Matsusaki Michiya
    • Journal Title

      Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan

      Volume: 95 Issue: 8 Pages: 1163-1168

    • DOI

      10.1246/bcsj.20220108

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Constructing vascularized hepatic tissue by cell-assembled viscous tissue sedimentation method and its application for vascular toxicity assessment2022

    • Author(s)
      Naito Yasuyuki、Yoshinouchi Yuka、Sorayama Yukiko、Kohara Hiroshi、Kitano Shiro、Irie Shinji、Matsusaki Michiya
    • Journal Title

      Acta Biomaterialia

      Volume: 140 Pages: 275-288

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.actbio.2021.11.027

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Gold-coated silver nanowires for long lifetime AFM-TERS probes2022

    • Author(s)
      Wen Han、Inose Tomoko、Hirai Kenji、Akashi Taiki、Sugioka Shoji、Li Jiangtao、Peeters Wannes、Fron Eduard、Fortuni Beatrice、Nakata Yoshihiko、Rocha Susana、Toyouchi Shuichi、Fujita Yasuhiko、Uji-i Hiroshi
    • Journal Title

      Nanoscale

      Volume: 14 Issue: 14 Pages: 5439-5446

    • DOI

      10.1039/d1nr07833j

    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Li@C60 thin films: characterization and nonlinear optical properties2022

    • Author(s)
      Wolf Mathias、Toyouchi Shuichi、Walke Peter、Umemoto Kazuki、Masuhara Akito、Fukumura Hiroshi、Takano Yuta、Yamada Michio、Hirai Kenji、Fron Eduard、Uji-i Hiroshi
    • Journal Title

      RSC Advances

      Volume: 12 Issue: 1 Pages: 389-394

    • DOI

      10.1039/d1ra08051b

    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] High-throughput drug screening models of mature adipose tissues which replicate the physiology of patients' Body Mass Index (BMI).2021

    • Author(s)
      Louis F, Sowa Y, Kitano S, Matsusaki M.
    • Journal Title

      Bioact Mater.

      Volume: 30 Pages: 227-241

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.05.020

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Gold-Photodeposited Silver Nanowire Endoscopy for Cytosolic and Nuclear pH Sensing2021

    • Author(s)
      Zhang Qiang、Inose Tomoko、Ricci Monica、Li Jiangtao、Tian Ya、Wen Han、Toyouchi Shuichi、Fron Eduard、Ngoc Dao Anh Thi、Kasai Hitoshi、Rocha Susana、Hirai Kenji、Fortuni Beatrice、Uji-i Hiroshi
    • Journal Title

      ACS Applied Nano Materials

      Volume: 4 Issue: 9 Pages: 9886-9894

    • DOI

      10.1021/acsanm.1c02363

    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] ビオチン修飾リポソームにより被覆されたプロドラッグナノ粒子の作製およびその能動的ターゲティング能の評価2023

    • Author(s)
      數井武藏, ファー サイテエーマイトリイ, ベアトリスフォルトゥーニ, 小関良卓, ダオアンティンゴック, 鈴木龍樹, 雲林院宏, 笠井均
    • Organizer
      日本化学会第103春季年会(2023)
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 3D-Bioprinting Fabrication of Lab-grown Structured Wagyu Meat2022

    • Author(s)
      Michiya Matsusaki
    • Organizer
      8th ISCCM
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] Tissue Engineering Approach to Construct a Vascularized 3D-human Tissue Model2022

    • Author(s)
      Michiya Matsusaki
    • Organizer
      TERMIS-AP2022
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] Vascularized 3D-Tissue Models for Infection Assays of Cancer Cells and Bacteria2022

    • Author(s)
      Michiya Matsusaki
    • Organizer
      Biofabrication meets Infection Symposium
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] Development of Blood-Brain Barrier Networks With Open Structures for Screening Assays of Receptor-Mediated Transport2022

    • Author(s)
      Michiya Matsusaki
    • Organizer
      7th Int’l Conference on Tissue Engineering in conjugation with the 5th Int’l Conference on Regenerative Biomedical Materials
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] Tissue Engineering for Construction of Vascularized 3D-Tissues for Therapy and Drug Evaluation2022

    • Author(s)
      Michiya Matsusaki
    • Organizer
      ACTO2022
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] Liposomal modification of SN-38 Nano-Prodrugs and Evaluation of their Cellular Uptake2022

    • Author(s)
      數井武藏, ファー サイテエーマイトリイ, ベアトリスフォルトゥーニ, 小関良卓, ダオアンティンゴック, 鈴木龍樹, 雲林院宏, 笠井均
    • Organizer
      令和4年度化学系学協会東北大会
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Alternating Arg distribution controls phase separation and toxicity of poly(PR)2022

    • Author(s)
      金蔵孝介
    • Organizer
      Neuro2022
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Invited
  • [Presentation] アミノ酸の性質から紐解くALS原因ジペプチドリピートの相分離と毒性機構2022

    • Author(s)
      金蔵孝介
    • Organizer
      日本アミノ酸学会第16回学術集会
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Invited
  • [Presentation] 筋萎縮性側索硬化症(ALS)原因ジペプチドリピートの細胞内局在および毒性メカニズムの解明2022

    • Author(s)
      宮城碧水、金蔵孝介
    • Organizer
      第147回日本薬理学会関東部会
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Order controls disordered droplets: structure-function relationships in C9ORF72-derived poly(PR).2022

    • Author(s)
      Kohsuke Kanekura
    • Organizer
      2nd International research conference on neurodegenerative diseases (IRCND 2022).
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] Nanowire Single-cell endoscopy2021

    • Author(s)
      Hiroshi Uji-i
    • Organizer
      Nanomeet2021
    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] Nanowire-based nanoscopy2021

    • Author(s)
      Hiroshi Uji-i
    • Organizer
      Pacifichem2021
    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Remarks] Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanoscopy

    • URL

      https://www.es.hokudai.ac.jp/labo/lnn/Top_English.html

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report

URL: 

Published: 2021-04-28   Modified: 2024-12-25  

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