Human adaptability in mechanical ease to move explored in athletes' bodies.

• Project/Area Number: 21K17592
• Research Category: Grant-in-Aid for Early-Career Scientists
• Allocation Type: Multi-year Fund
• Review Section: Basic Section 59020:Sports sciences-related
• Research Institution: University of Tsukuba
• Principal Investigator: Sado Natsuki 筑波大学, 体育系, 助教 (60844983)
• Project Period (FY): 2021-04-01 – 2024-03-31
• Project Status: Completed (Fiscal Year 2023)
• Budget Amount: ¥4,680,000 (Direct Cost: ¥3,600,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,080,000); Fiscal Year 2023: ¥650,000 (Direct Cost: ¥500,000、Indirect Cost: ¥150,000); Fiscal Year 2022: ¥1,950,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,500,000、Indirect Cost: ¥450,000); Fiscal Year 2021: ¥2,080,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,600,000、Indirect Cost: ¥480,000)
• Keywords: MRI / 形態 / 適応 / 個人差 / 慣性 / 可塑性

Outline of Research at the Start

本研究では身体の力学的な「動かしにくさ」：慣性という新たな観点から身体の適応に関する理解を深めることを目的に「専門トレーニングに適応したヒトは力学的な動かしやすさ(慣性の小ささ)を損なわないように発達している」という仮説を定量的に検証する。
本研究の完成は障害リスクを下げながらパフォーマンスを高めるという身体能力を引き出すための理想的な身体に迫る知見が期待され、新たなトレーニング方略の視点を提示する。

Outline of Final Research Achievements

The motion of objects, including human motion, is determined by the relationship between mechanical actions and inertia properties. The muscle morphology of athletes has been examined, which is an aspect of adaptation to mechanical actions. However, inertia properties, i.e., the mechanical difficulty of movement, have not been fully investigated. We analysed the morphologies of sprinters, shot putters and long-distance runners. The lower limb moment of inertia (the difficulty of swinging the leg around the hip joint) in athletes did not differ as much from untrained individuals as did mass, because the increases in lower limb mass, whether muscle or fat, occurs in the proximal region. We showed that proximal-specific mass variability in the lower limb does not relatively increase the mechanical difficulty swinging the lower limb during locomotion in humans in general. Meanwhile, this feature was limited to the lower limb and distal muscles were also well developed in the upper limb.

Academic Significance and Societal Importance of the Research Achievements

競技者の身体能力を研究する目的で行われる形態学的研究は主に筋サイズに着目してきた。これは力学的作用の一側面であるが、慣性もまた身体運動を決定する要因である。本研究は慣性という形態学的研究の新しい視点を示した。
従来、スポーツ現場では身体を鍛えすぎると動かしにくくなると考えられてきた。これに対する筋を鍛える利点の説明としては、「筋が大きくなることで動かしにくくなる以上に大きな力を発揮できる」というものであることが多かった。本研究ではさらに、そもそも力学的な動かしにくさがそこまで大きくならないことを示すエビデンスを加え、筋量増大による動かしにくさ増大に強く注意を払う必要がないことを示唆している。

Research Products

• [Journal Article] Discrepancy between ‘contributing to’ and ‘sharing variance with’ the effective energy for height in high jump (2024)
  • Author(s): Sado Natsuki、Fujimori Toshihide、Tobe Naoto
  • Journal Title: Journal of Sports Sciences Volume: 42 Issue: 5 Pages: 425-433
  • DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2335086
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Hip and lumbosacral joint centre locations in asian population: Biases produced by existing regression equations and development of new equations (2024)
  • Author(s): Sado Natsuki、Edagawa Takeshi、Fujimori Toshihide、Hashimoto Shogo、Okamoto Yoshikazu、Nakajima Takahito
  • Journal Title: Journal of Biomechanics Volume: 162 Pages: 111866-111866
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111866
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Judokas Exhibit Short Response Latency Even to Non-Judo-Specific External Perturbation: Insights Into the Involuntary Postural Control Ability in Humans (2023)
  • Author(s): Sado Natsuki、Fujii Norihisa、Nonaka Eri、Miyazaki Terumitsu
  • Journal Title: Motor Control Volume: 27 Issue: 4 Pages: 818-829
  • DOI: 10.1123/mc.2023-0026
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Distal muscle cross-sectional area is correlated with shot put performance (2023)
  • Author(s): Hashimoto Shogo、Fujimori Toshihide、Ohyama-Byun Keigo、Okamoto Yoshikazu、Nakajima Takahito、Sado Natsuki
  • Journal Title: Journal of Biomechanics Volume: 160 Pages: 111819-111819
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111819
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] The Lower Limbs of Sprinters Have Larger Relative Mass But Not Larger Normalized Moment of Inertia than Controls (2022)
  • Author(s): Sado Natsuki、Ichinose Hoshizora、Kawakami Yasuo
  • Journal Title: Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise Volume: 55 Issue: 3 Pages: 590-600
  • DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003064
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
• [Journal Article] Mechanical power flow from trunk and lower limb joint power to external horizontal power in the track and field block start (2022)
  • Author(s): Sado Natsuki、Yoshioka Shinsuke、Fukashiro Senshi
  • Journal Title: European Journal of Sport Science Volume: e-pub ahead of print Issue: 9 Pages: 1903-1912
  • DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2109067
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Pelvic elevation induces vertical kinetic energy without losing horizontal energy during running single-leg jump for distance (2022)
  • Author(s): Sado Natsuki、Yoshioka Shinsuke、Fukashiro Senshi
  • Journal Title: European Journal of Sport Science Volume: e-pub ahead of print Issue: 7 Pages: 1146-1154
  • DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2070779
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] High-accuracy tennis players linearly adjust racket impact kinematics according to impact height during a two-handed backhand stroke (2022)
  • Author(s): Zhang Sichao、Sado Natsuki、Fujii Norihisa
  • Journal Title: Sports Biomechanics Volume: e-pub ahead of print Pages: 1-14
  • DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2022.2146529
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Mechanical Linkage between Achilles Tendon and Plantar Fascia Accounts for Range of Motion of Human Ankle?Foot Complex (2022)
  • Author(s): Shiotani Hiroto、Takahashi Katsuki、Honma Yuki、Tomari Kazuki、Hayashi Hidetaka、Sado Natsuki、Kawakami Yasuo
  • Journal Title: Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise Volume: 55 Issue: 1 Pages: 66-73
  • DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003020
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] Jumping is not just about height: Biosocial becomings as an integrative approach in understanding contextualized jump performance in Maasai society (2022)
  • Author(s): Tian Xiaojie、Yanohara Yushi、Mwangi Francis M.、Sado Natsuki
  • Journal Title: PLoS ONE Volume: 17 Issue: 12 Pages: 1-14
  • DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278547
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] Three‐dimensional architecture of human medial gastrocnemius fascicles in vivo: Regional variation and its dependence on muscle size (2022)
  • Author(s): Takahashi Katsuki、Shiotani Hiroto、Evangelidis Pavlos E.、Sado Natsuki、Kawakami Yasuo
  • Journal Title: Journal of Anatomy Volume: 241 Issue: 6 Pages: 1324-1335
  • DOI: 10.1111/joa.13750
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] Acquisition of mechanical energy directly contributing to sideward propulsion in sidestep cutting manoeuvre (2021)
  • Author(s): Sado N,Yoshioka S, Fukashiro S
  • Journal Title: Journal of Biomechanics Volume: 128 Pages: 110799-110799
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110799
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Curved Approach in High Jump Induces Greater Jumping Height without Greater Joint Kinetic Exertions than Straight Approach (2021)
  • Author(s): Sado N,Yoshioka S, Fukashiro S
  • Journal Title: Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise Volume: 54 Issue: 1 Pages: 120-128
  • DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002761
  • Peer Reviewed
• [Journal Article] Characteristics of inhomogeneous lower extremity growth and development in early childhood: a cross-sectional study (2021)
  • Author(s): Apibantaweesakul S, Omura S, Qi W, Shiotani H, Evangelidis P E, Sado N, Tanaka F, Kawakami Y
  • Journal Title: BMC Pediatrics Volume: 21 Issue: 1
  • DOI: 10.1186/s12887-021-02998-1
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
• [Journal Article] Track distance runners exhibit bilateral differences in the plantar fascia stiffness (2021)
  • Author(s): Shiotani H,Yamashita R, Mizokuchi T, Sado N, Naito M, Kawakami Y
  • Journal Title: Scientific Reports Volume: 11 Issue: 1
  • DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88883-4
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
• [Journal Article] ヒト全力移動運動における体幹の貢献 (2021)
  • Author(s): 佐渡夏紀
  • Journal Title: 体育の科学 Volume: 71
• [Presentation] The largest segmental components of energy directly contributing to height do not explain the variance of its total in the high jump. (2023)
  • Author(s): Sado N. Fujimori T. Tobe N.
  • Organizer: The 29th Congress of International Society of Biomechanics / Japanese Society of Biomechanics Fukuoka University Japan 2023-8.
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Performance strategy in the high jump varies between individuals: mechanical work exertion vs. energy conversion. (2023)
  • Author(s): Fujimori T. Tobe N. Sado N.
  • Organizer: The 29th Congress of International Society of Biomechanics / Japanese Society of Biomechanics Fukuoka University Japan 2023-8.
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Unique mass distribution in the lower limbs of distance runners and its effect on moment of inertia. (2023)
  • Author(s): Edagawa T. Fujimori T. Hashimoto S. Okamoto Y. Nakajima T. Sado N.
  • Organizer: The 29th Congress of International Society of Biomechanics / Japanese Society of Biomechanics Fukuoka University Japan 2023-8.
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Pectoralis major and deltoid muscularity in shot putters: Reversal of whether cross-sectional area or volume is related to performance (2023)
  • Author(s): Hashimoto S. Fujimori T. Edagawa T. Ohyama-Byun K. Okamoto Y. Nakajima T. Sado N.
  • Organizer: The 29th Congress of International Society of Biomechanics / Japanese Society of Biomechanics Fukuoka University Japan 2023-8.
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Mass-spring characteristics explain the temporal step parameters but are not specific to individuals across phases in accelerated sprinting. (2023)
  • Author(s): Tatsumi A. Fujimori T. Edagawa T. Sado N.
  • Organizer: The 29th Congress of International Society of Biomechanics / Japanese Society of Biomechanics Fukuoka University Japan 2023-8.
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Hip and lumbosacral joint centre locations in Asian population: biases by existing regressions and development of new methods. (2023)
  • Author(s): Sado N. Edagawa T. Fujimori T. Hashimoto S. Okamoto Y. Nakajima T.
  • Organizer: The 41st International Society of Biomechanics in Sports Conference
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Inter-joint differences exist in kinetic demand for performance in high jump (2023)
  • Author(s): Fujimori T. Tobe N. Sado N.
  • Organizer: The 41st International Society of Biomechanics in Sports Conference
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Three-dimensional developmental aspects of the pectoralis major and deltoid muscles in shot putters. (2023)
  • Author(s): Hashimoto S. Fujimori T. Edagawa T. Ohyama-Byun K. Okamoto Y. Nakajima T. Sado N.
  • Organizer: The 28th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Lower-limb moment of inertia in the anatomical position does not explain the inter-individual variation in O2 cost in trained endurance runners. (2023)
  • Author(s): Edagawa T. Fujimori T. Akutsu K. Hashimoto S. Fujii N. Okamoto Y. Nakajima T. Sado N.
  • Organizer: The 28th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] アキレス腱剛性が100m走の加速疾走局面における下肢ばね剛性および時空間変数へ及ぼす影響 (2023)
  • Author(s): 辰巳新、藤森俊秀、枝川岳史、佐渡夏紀
  • Organizer: 第36回日本トレーニング科学会大会
• [Presentation] 走速度増大に伴う腰椎の姿勢変化の不均一性 (2023)
  • Author(s): 富永天平、佐渡夏紀
  • Organizer: 第36回日本トレーニング科学会大会
• [Presentation] 長距離走者で遠位の除脂肪重量が下肢慣性モーメントと強く関係する (2023)
  • Author(s): 枝川岳史、藤森俊秀、橋本 昇悟、岡本 嘉一、中島 崇仁、佐渡 夏紀
  • Organizer: 第36回日本トレーニング科学会大会
• [Presentation] 砲丸投競技者における上肢及び上部体幹の筋形態特性 (2022)
  • Author(s): 橋本昇悟、藤森俊秀、大山卞圭悟、岡本嘉一、中島崇仁、佐渡夏紀
  • Organizer: 第35回日本トレーニング科学会大会
• [Presentation] 内外側の大腿骨上顆vs. 膝関節裂隙: 膝関節ランドマークの検討 (2022)
  • Author(s): 佐渡夏紀、久保田大智、富永天平、日高遼子、宮崎輝光、小池関也、藤井範久
  • Organizer: 第28回日本バイオメカニクス学会大会
• [Presentation] 冗長自由度の実験的な削減は非利き腕ダーツ投げ課題の学習を遅延させる (2022)
  • Author(s): 堆耕平、藤森俊秀、野中愛里、佐渡夏紀
  • Organizer: 第28回日本バイオメカニクス学会大会
• [Presentation] 走高跳の踏切における動作の個人差を説明する要因としての身体的特徴 (2022)
  • Author(s): 藤森俊秀、戸邉直人、佐渡夏紀
  • Organizer: 第28回日本バイオメカニクス学会大会
• [Presentation] 筋収縮時の腓腹筋内側頭における筋束と腱膜の3次元動態 (2022)
  • Author(s): 高橋克毅、塩谷彦人、佐渡夏紀、川上泰雄
  • Organizer: 第28回日本バイオメカニクス学会大会
• [Presentation] Associations between exercise-induced flattening of foot arch and fatigue of extrinsic and intrinsic foot muscles (2022)
  • Author(s): Shiotani H. Takahashi K. Tomari K. Honma Y. Hayashi H. Sado N. Kumai T. Kawakami Y.
  • Organizer: 40th Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics in Sports
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Mechanical interactions between Achilles tendon and plantar fascia modulate passive mechanics of human ankle-foot complex in vivo. (2022)
  • Author(s): Takahashi K. Shiotani H. Evangelidis P. E. Sado N. Kawakami Y.
  • Organizer: 9th World Congress of Biomechanics
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Contractile and non-contractile tissues of the quadriceps femoris and hamstrings and their effects on age-related differences in specific torque (2022)
  • Author(s): Ichinose H. Evangelidis P. E. Yamagishi T. Sado N. Shiotani H. Tanaka F. Shigenobu S. Kawakami Y.
  • Organizer: 9th World Congress of Biomechanics
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Mechanical interactions between Achilles tendon and plantar fascia modulate passive mechanics of human ankle-foot complex in vivo (2022)
  • Author(s): Shiotani H. Takahashi K. Honma Y. Tomari K. Hayashi H. Sado N. Kawakami Y.
  • Organizer: 9th World Congress of Biomechanics
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Non-uniform distribution of muscle fascicle strains within human medial gastrocnemius during passive lengthening in vivo (2022)
  • Author(s): Takahashi K. Shiotani H. Evangelidis P. E. Sado N. Kawakami Y.
  • Organizer: 9th World Congress of Biomechanics
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] World-elite performance in high jump cannot be predicted by the determinant of non-elite performance (2022)
  • Author(s): Fujimori T. Sado N.
  • Organizer: 9th World Congress of Biomechanics
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Judo Wrestlers Exhibit Shorter Response Latency to Unfamiliar Postural Disturbance: Insights into Plasticity of Postural Function in Humans (2022)
  • Author(s): Sado N. Nonaka E. Miyazaki T. Kondo S.
  • Organizer: 筑波大学体育系ヒューマン・ハイ・パフォーマンス先端研究センター (ARIHHP) 共同利用・共同研究拠点認定記念シンポジウムARIHHPフォーラム2022.
• [Presentation] Judo Wrestlers Exhibit Shorter Response Latency to Unfamiliar Postural Disturbance: Insights into Plasticity of Postural Function in Humans (2022)
  • Author(s): Sado N, Nonaka E, Miyazaki T, Kondo S
  • Organizer: ヒューマン・ハイ・パフォーマンス先端研究センター (ARIHHP) 共同利用・共同研究拠点認定記念シンポジウムARIHHPフォーラム2022
• [Presentation] 短距離競技者の下肢の質量比は大きいが正規化慣性モーメントは一般成人と同程度である (2021)
  • Author(s): 佐渡夏紀, 一瀬星空, 川上泰雄
  • Organizer: 日本バイオメカニクス学会第27回大会
• [Presentation] Plantar fascia stiffness is related to the foot arch deformability and performance in single-leg drop jump (2021)
  • Author(s): Shiotani H., Sado N., Kurumisawa K., Saeki J., Kawakami Y.
  • Organizer: 28th Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics
• [Presentation] Effects of amino acid mixture on functional and morphological properties of achilles tendon (2021)
  • Author(s): Kawakami, Y, Shiotani, H, Otuska, S, Hui, L, Ichinose, H, Chi, Y, Kurumisawa, K, Yamada, Y, Shan, X, Saeki, J, Sado, N, Tanaka, F, Kumai, T, Nishitani, S, Takada, M, Toyoda, S, Uchida, H, Adachi, Y.
  • Organizer: American College of Sports Medicine 68th Annual Meeting
• [Presentation] 走高跳選手はアキレス腱のコンプライアンスを保ちつつ大きな足関節底屈トルクを発揮できる (2021)
  • Author(s): 藤森俊秀, 佐渡夏紀
  • Organizer: 第34回日本トレーニング科学会大会
• [Presentation] 非利き腕ダーツ投げ課題における関節拘束による自由度の削減が運動学習に及ぼす影響. (2021)
  • Author(s): 堆耕平, 藤森俊秀, 野中愛里, 佐渡夏紀
  • Organizer: 第34回日本トレーニング科学会大会
• [Presentation] 牧畜民マサイの高跳びは高さ勝負のためなのか？ -学際的アプローチから再考する- (2021)
  • Author(s): 田暁潔, 佐渡夏紀
  • Organizer: 顔・身体学第8回領域会議