| Budget Amount *help |
¥414,310,000 (Direct Cost: ¥318,700,000、Indirect Cost: ¥95,610,000)
Fiscal Year 2014: ¥79,950,000 (Direct Cost: ¥61,500,000、Indirect Cost: ¥18,450,000)
Fiscal Year 2013: ¥83,330,000 (Direct Cost: ¥64,100,000、Indirect Cost: ¥19,230,000)
Fiscal Year 2012: ¥83,330,000 (Direct Cost: ¥64,100,000、Indirect Cost: ¥19,230,000)
Fiscal Year 2011: ¥83,330,000 (Direct Cost: ¥64,100,000、Indirect Cost: ¥19,230,000)
Fiscal Year 2010: ¥84,370,000 (Direct Cost: ¥64,900,000、Indirect Cost: ¥19,470,000)
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| Outline of Final Research Achievements |
Phospholipids at plasma membranes are asymmetrically distributed between inner and outer leaflets by the action of a flippase(s). This asymmetrical distribution is disrupted by the action of a scramblase(s) in various biological processes. In this project, we identified two P4-type ATPases (ATP11A and ATP11C) as flippases, five TMEM16 family members (16C、16D, 16F, 16G and 16J) as Ca^<2+>-dependent scramblase, and three XKR family members (XKR4, XKR8 and XKR9) as caspase-dependent scramblase. We also showed that the engulfment of apoptotic cells proceeds in two steps of tethering and internalization.
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