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Fragmentation, time zones, and their dynamic consequences

Research Project

Project/Area Number 22243024
Research Category

Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A)

Allocation TypeSingle-year Grants
Section一般
Research Field Applied economics
Research InstitutionKobe University

Principal Investigator

NAKANISHI Noritsugu  神戸大学, 経済学研究科(研究院), 教授 (20237324)

Co-Investigator(Kenkyū-buntansha) ZHAO Laixun  神戸大学, 経済経営研究所, 教授 (70261394)
DEI Fumio  神戸大学, 大学院経営学研究科, 教授 (90093541)
KAMIHIGASHI Takashi  神戸大学, 経済経営研究所, 教授 (30324908)
HU Yunfang  神戸大学, 大学院経済学研究科, 教授 (30379466)
DOI Junko  関西大学, 経済学部, 教授 (00367947)
Project Period (FY) 2010-04-01 – 2015-03-31
Project Status Completed (Fiscal Year 2014)
Budget Amount *help
¥41,210,000 (Direct Cost: ¥31,700,000、Indirect Cost: ¥9,510,000)
Fiscal Year 2014: ¥9,750,000 (Direct Cost: ¥7,500,000、Indirect Cost: ¥2,250,000)
Fiscal Year 2013: ¥7,280,000 (Direct Cost: ¥5,600,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,680,000)
Fiscal Year 2012: ¥7,150,000 (Direct Cost: ¥5,500,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,650,000)
Fiscal Year 2011: ¥8,450,000 (Direct Cost: ¥6,500,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,950,000)
Fiscal Year 2010: ¥8,580,000 (Direct Cost: ¥6,600,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,980,000)
Keywordsタイムゾーン / フラグメンテーション / オフショアリング / シフト労働 / ベルマン方程式 / 均衡経路の不決定性 / 動学的貿易モデル / ネットワーク形成 / アウトソーシング / バーチャル労働移動 / 複数市場リンケージ / ラムゼーモデル / 国際研究者交流 / 動的計画法 / 熟練労働 / 自由貿易協定 / 時間的忍耐力 / ネットワーク形成ゲーム / 家庭内生産部門 / 不決定性 / グローバリゼーション / 並行輸入 / 繰り返しゲーム / 貿易費用
Outline of Final Research Achievements

In our project we had two separated but interrelated groups: one dealt with static models and the other dealt with dynamic models. The former group has elucidated two important time-zone-related factors (i.e., the time-reduction effect and the day-night reversal effect) that determine the structure of international trade and investigated how they affect such issues as the reduction in shift working, the domestic income distribution, the possession of foreign affiliates by multinationals, offshoring of core tasks and peripheral tasks, international income inequalities, incentives for the formation of FTAs, and so forth. The latter group has elucidated some fundamental properties of the Bellman equation in dynamic programming and investigated such issues as the effects of fiscal policies, international income transfers, and capital movements in dynamic trade models, and the indeterminacy of dynamic equilibrium paths, and so forth.

Report

(6 results)
  • 2014 Annual Research Report   Final Research Report ( PDF )
  • 2013 Annual Research Report
  • 2012 Annual Research Report
  • 2011 Annual Research Report
  • 2010 Annual Research Report
  • Research Products

    (68 results)

All 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010

All Journal Article (25 results) (of which Peer Reviewed: 20 results,  Acknowledgement Compliant: 2 results,  Open Access: 2 results) Presentation (41 results) Book (2 results)

  • [Journal Article] The Distributional and Allocative Impacts of Virtual Labor Mobility across Time Zones through Communication Networks2015

    • Author(s)
      Noritsugu Nakanishi and Ngo Van Long
    • Journal Title

      Review of International Economics

      Volume: 未定

    • Related Report
      2014 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Acknowledgement Compliant
  • [Journal Article] タイムゾーンと貿易・投資に関する実証分析について2015

    • Author(s)
      中西訓嗣
    • Journal Title

      国民経済雑誌

      Volume: 211 (6)

    • NAID

      110009914004

    • Related Report
      2014 Annual Research Report
    • Acknowledgement Compliant
  • [Journal Article] Plant location, wind direction and pollution policy under offshoring2015

    • Author(s)
      Laixun Zhao and T. Haruyama
    • Journal Title

      The World Economy

      Volume: 38 (1) Issue: 1 Pages: 151-171

    • DOI

      10.1111/twec.12257

    • Related Report
      2014 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Multimarket linkages, trade and the productivity puzzle2015

    • Author(s)
      Laixun Zhao and N.Matsushima
    • Journal Title

      Review of International Economics

      Volume: 23 (1) Issue: 1 Pages: 1-13

    • DOI

      10.1111/roie.12155

    • Related Report
      2014 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] An application of Kleene’s fixed point theorem to dynamic programming: A note2015

    • Author(s)
      Takashi Kamihigashi, K.Reffett, and M.Yao
    • Journal Title

      International Journal of Economic Theory

      Volume: 未定

    • Related Report
      2014 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Multiple interior steady states in the Ramsey model with elastic labor suply2015

    • Author(s)
      Takashi Kamihigashi
    • Journal Title

      International Journal of Economic Theory

      Volume: 11 Pages: 25-37

    • Related Report
      2014 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Capital accumulation and structural change in a small open economy2014

    • Author(s)
      Yunfang Hu and Kazuo Mino
    • Journal Title

      Pacific Economic Review

      Volume: 19 (5) Pages: 634-656

    • Related Report
      2014 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] タイムゾーンと国際貿易:展望2013

    • Author(s)
      中西訓嗣
    • Journal Title

      国民経済雑誌

      Volume: 207 (6) Pages: 23-34

    • NAID

      110009579111

    • Related Report
      2013 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] Elementary results on solutions to the Bellman equation of dynamic programming: Existence, uniqueness, and convergence2013

    • Author(s)
      Takashi Kamihigashi
    • Journal Title

      Economic Theory

      Volume: On line Issue: 2 Pages: 1-23

    • DOI

      10.1007/s00199-013-0789-4

    • Related Report
      2013 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] An order-theoretic approach to dynamic programming: An exposition2013

    • Author(s)
      Takashi Kamihigashi
    • Journal Title

      Economic Theory Bulletin

      Volume: On line Issue: 1 Pages: 1-9

    • DOI

      10.1007/s40505-013-0022-4

    • Related Report
      2013 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Offshoring prompts high quality labour market2013

    • Author(s)
      Wanida Ngienthi
    • Journal Title

      Pacific Economic Review

      Volume: 18 (5) Issue: 5 Pages: 628-643

    • DOI

      10.1111/1468-0106.12044

    • Related Report
      2013 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Trade structure and belief-driven fluctuations in a global economy2013

    • Author(s)
      Yunfang Hu(胡雲芳) and Kazuo Mino
    • Journal Title

      Journal of International Economics

      Volume: 90 Pages: 414-424

    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Fiscal policy and home production in a dyadic open economy2012

    • Author(s)
      Yunfang Hu(胡雲芳)
    • Journal Title

      国際文化研究科論集

      Volume: 20 Pages: 115-129

    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] The Impact of Differential Falls in Offshoring Costs on Welfare2012

    • Author(s)
      Fumio Dei (co-authored with Wanida Ngienthi)
    • Journal Title

      Review of International Economics

      Volume: 20(1) Pages: 72-80

    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Profitable parallel trade in unionized markets2012

    • Author(s)
      L. Zhao 、 A. Mukherjee
    • Journal Title

      Journal of Economics

      Volume: Vol.107, No.3 Issue: 3 Pages: 267-276

    • DOI

      10.1007/s00712-012-0267-7

    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Threats or Promises? A Built-in Mechanism of Gradual Reciprocal Trade Liberalization2012

    • Author(s)
      Taiji Furusawa
    • Journal Title

      Japanese Economic Review

      Volume: 63 Issue: 2 Pages: 259-279

    • DOI

      10.1111/j.1468-5876.2012.00567.x

    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] 安定的な自由貿易協定構造:非対称3国モデル2012

    • Author(s)
      中西訓嗣
    • Journal Title

      国民経済雑誌

      Volume: 205(1) Pages: 71-88

    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] Commercial Policy and Foreign Ownership2011

    • Author(s)
      J. Ishikawa, Y. Sugita, L. Zhao
    • Journal Title

      Review of International Economics

      Volume: Vol.19、 No.2 Issue: 2 Pages: 300-312

    • DOI

      10.1111/j.1467-9396.2011.00948.x

    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Multiple Equilibria and Welfare Effects of Transfers in a Two-Country Dynamic General Equilibrium Model2011

    • Author(s)
      Yunfang Hu (co-authored with Koji Shimomura)
    • Journal Title

      International Journal of Development and Conflict

      Volume: 1(3) Pages: 379-97

    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Financial Integration and Aggregate Stability2011

    • Author(s)
      Yunfang Hu (co-authored with Kazuo Mino)
    • Journal Title

      数理解析研究所講究録

      Volume: 1768 Pages: 11-30

    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] WTOにおける関税譲許ルールの代替的定式化と評価2011

    • Author(s)
      中西訓嗣
    • Journal Title

      国民経済雑誌

      Volume: 203(6) Pages: 13-28

    • NAID

      110008461054

    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] Peripheral tasks are offshored2010

    • Author(s)
      Fumio Dei
    • Journal Title

      Review of International Economics

      Volume: 18 Pages: 807-817

    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Competing to outsource in the South2010

    • Author(s)
      Laixun Zhao, Makoto Okamura
    • Journal Title

      Review of International Economics

      Volume: 18 Pages: 427-442

    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Globalization, interregional and international inequalities2010

    • Author(s)
      Laixun Zhao, Dao-Zhi Zeng
    • Journal Title

      Journal of Urban Economics

      Volume: 67 Pages: 352-361

    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Global dynamics in repeated games with additively separable payoffs2010

    • Author(s)
      Takashi Kamihigashi, Taiji Furusawa
    • Journal Title

      Review of Economic Dynamics

      Volume: 13 Pages: 899-981

    • NAID

      120003802950

    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Presentation] Progressive tax and equilibrium indeterminacy in an open economy2015

    • Author(s)
      Yunfang Hu
    • Organizer
      One Day Conference on Economic Growth and Open Macroeconomics
    • Place of Presentation
      京都大学(日本)
    • Year and Date
      2015-03-21
    • Related Report
      2014 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Trade patterns and growth paths: Timing of openness2015

    • Author(s)
      Yunfang Hu
    • Organizer
      Seminar at Institute of Economics, Academia Sinica
    • Place of Presentation
      台湾中央研究院(台湾)
    • Year and Date
      2015-03-10
    • Related Report
      2014 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Extensions of Fatou’s lemma and the dominated convergence theorem2015

    • Author(s)
      Takashi Kamihigashi
    • Organizer
      第6回数理経済学国際会議
    • Place of Presentation
      慶應義塾大学(日本)
    • Year and Date
      2015-01-28
    • Related Report
      2014 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Discrete demand shift dumping2015

    • Author(s)
      Fumio Dei
    • Organizer
      11th International Conference WEAI
    • Place of Presentation
      Wellington (New Zealand)
    • Year and Date
      2015-01-09
    • Related Report
      2014 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Trade patterns and growth paths2014

    • Author(s)
      Yunfang Hu
    • Organizer
      山東大学・浙江大学・南海大学・神戸大学・日中四大学共同シンポジウム「アジア太平洋地域経済発展と協力」
    • Place of Presentation
      山東大学(中国)
    • Year and Date
      2014-11-22
    • Related Report
      2014 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Trade patterns and growth paths2014

    • Author(s)
      Yunfang Hu
    • Organizer
      Conference on Dynamics, Economic Growth, and International Trade (DEGIT) XIX
    • Place of Presentation
      Vanderbilt University (USA)
    • Year and Date
      2014-09-27
    • Related Report
      2014 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Progressive tax and equilibrium indeterminacy in an open economy2014

    • Author(s)
      Yunfang Hu
    • Organizer
      14th SAET (Society for Advancement on Economic Theory) Conference on Current Trends in Economics
    • Place of Presentation
      早稲田大学(日本)
    • Year and Date
      2014-08-20
    • Related Report
      2014 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Saving good jobs from global competition by rewarding quality and efforts2014

    • Author(s)
      Lex Zhao (趙来勲)
    • Organizer
      Seminar at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies
    • Place of Presentation
      Geneva (Switzerland)
    • Related Report
      2013 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Fiscal policy and labor allocation in an open economy with home production2014

    • Author(s)
      Yunfang Hu (胡雲芳)
    • Organizer
      The 6th International Conference of Macroeconomics and Policy
    • Place of Presentation
      政策研究大学院大学
    • Related Report
      2013 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Trade patterns and growth paths2013

    • Author(s)
      Yunfang Hu (胡雲芳)
    • Organizer
      足立OB研究会
    • Place of Presentation
      尾道市立大学
    • Related Report
      2013 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Fiscal policy and labor allocation in an open economy with home production2013

    • Author(s)
      Yunfang Hu (胡雲芳)
    • Organizer
      Workshop on Macroeconomic Dynamics and International Trade
    • Place of Presentation
      Columbia University (USA)
    • Related Report
      2013 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Civil conflict and economic growth2013

    • Author(s)
      Junko Doi
    • Organizer
      APEA 9th Annual Conference
    • Place of Presentation
      大阪大学
    • Related Report
      2013 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Civil conflict and economic growth2013

    • Author(s)
      Junko Doi
    • Organizer
      Workshop on Macroeconomic Dynamics and International Trade
    • Place of Presentation
      Columbia Univeristy (USA)
    • Related Report
      2013 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Time zones and international trade: An overview2013

    • Author(s)
      Noritsugu Nakanishi
    • Organizer
      McGill-CIREQ joint seminar
    • Place of Presentation
      McGill University (Canada)
    • Related Report
      2013 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] タイムゾーンと国際貿易:展望2013

    • Author(s)
      中西訓嗣
    • Organizer
      経済学会例会
    • Place of Presentation
      神戸大学
    • Related Report
      2013 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] タイムゾーンと国際貿易:展望2013

    • Author(s)
      中西訓嗣
    • Organizer
      KMSG研究会
    • Place of Presentation
      大分大学
    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Trade pattern and structural change in a small-open economy2013

    • Author(s)
      Yunfang Hu(胡雲芳)
    • Organizer
      KMSG研究会
    • Place of Presentation
      大分大学
    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Fiscal policy, home production and growth dynamics2013

    • Author(s)
      Yunfang Hu(胡雲芳)
    • Organizer
      The 10th Biennial Pacific Rim Conference, WEAI
    • Place of Presentation
      慶應義塾大学
    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Farsightedly stable FTA structures2012

    • Author(s)
      Noritsugu Nakanishi
    • Organizer
      The 2012 Conference of the Society of Public Economic Theory
    • Place of Presentation
      Academia Sinica (Taipei)
    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Farsightedly stable FTA structures2012

    • Author(s)
      中西訓嗣
    • Organizer
      日本国際経済学会第71回全国大会
    • Place of Presentation
      甲南大学
    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Income inequality and the rush for modernity2012

    • Author(s)
      Lex Zhao (趙来勲)
    • Organizer
      Conference on "Korea and the world economy"
    • Place of Presentation
      Korea Women's University (Korea)
    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Existence and uniqueness of a fixed point for the Bellman operator in deterministic dynamic programming2012

    • Author(s)
      Takashi Kamihigashi
    • Organizer
      The 21st European Workshop on General Equilibrium Theory
    • Place of Presentation
      University of Exeter (UK)
    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Discrete demand shift dumping2012

    • Author(s)
      Fumio Dei
    • Organizer
      WEAI 87th Annual Conference
    • Place of Presentation
      San Francisco (USA)
    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Structural change and factor allocation in an open economy2012

    • Author(s)
      Yunfang Hu(胡雲芳)
    • Organizer
      The Thailand-Japan Workshop on International Economy
    • Place of Presentation
      Bangkok (Thailand)
    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Trade pattern and structural change in a small-open economy2012

    • Author(s)
      Yunfang Hu(胡雲芳)
    • Organizer
      The 2012 Conference of the Society of Public Economic Theory
    • Place of Presentation
      Academia Sinica (Taipei)
    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] The Impact of Differential Falls in Offshoring Costs on Welfare2011

    • Author(s)
      出井文男
    • Organizer
      中京大学経済研究所セミナー
    • Place of Presentation
      中京大学経済研究所
    • Year and Date
      2011-12-12
    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Farsightedly Stable FTA Structures2011

    • Author(s)
      中西訓嗣
    • Organizer
      現代経済学研究会
    • Place of Presentation
      東北大学
    • Year and Date
      2011-11-04
    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Supermodularity and Global Supply Chains without the South2011

    • Author(s)
      出井文男
    • Organizer
      立命館大学経済学会セミナー
    • Place of Presentation
      立命館大学草津キャンパス
    • Year and Date
      2011-10-27
    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Emerging by acquisition in the global market2011

    • Author(s)
      趙来勲
    • Organizer
      日本国際経済学会・第70回全国大会
    • Place of Presentation
      慶應義塾大学(招待講演)
    • Year and Date
      2011-10-23
    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Firm Heterogeneity, rent seeking and unemployment2011

    • Author(s)
      土居潤子
    • Organizer
      Workshop on Market Structure and Macroeconomics
    • Place of Presentation
      パリ第13大学
    • Year and Date
      2011-09-02
    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Farsightedly Stable FTA Structures2011

    • Author(s)
      中西訓嗣
    • Organizer
      日本国際経済学会関西支部研究会
    • Place of Presentation
      関西学院大学梅田サテライトキャンパス
    • Year and Date
      2011-07-16
    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] The Bellman Operator as a Monotone Map2011

    • Author(s)
      Takashi Kamihigashi
    • Organizer
      11th SAET Conference
    • Place of Presentation
      Faro, Portugal
    • Year and Date
      2011-06-09
    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Stable FTA structures---An application of the von Neumann-Morgenstern stable set to international trade2011

    • Author(s)
      Noritsugu Nakanishi
    • Organizer
      6^<th> Pan-Pacific Conference on Game Theory
    • Place of Presentation
      東京工業大学(東京都)
    • Year and Date
      2011-03-01
    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Firm Heterogeneity, rent seeking and unemployment2011

    • Author(s)
      土居潤子
    • Organizer
      フラグメンテーション,タイムゾーン,およびその動学的帰結」研究集会(神戸マクロ経済学研究会KMSGとの共催)
    • Place of Presentation
      尾道大学
    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Dynamic Indeterminacy and Transfer Paradox2011

    • Author(s)
      Yunfang Hu
    • Organizer
      The 9th Biennial Pacific Rim Conference
    • Place of Presentation
      WEAI (Brisbane), Australia
    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Dynamic Indeterminacy and Transfer Paradox2011

    • Author(s)
      Yunfang Hu
    • Organizer
      The 2011 Conference of Society for the Advancement of Economic Theory
    • Place of Presentation
      Ancao (Faro), Portugal
    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Multiple Equilibria and Welfare Effects of Transfers in a Two-Country Dynamic General Equilibrium Model2011

    • Author(s)
      Yunfang Hu
    • Organizer
      RIMS共同研究・マクロ経済勤学の非線形数理
    • Place of Presentation
      京都大学
    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Multiple Equilibria and Welfare Effects of Transfers in a Two-Country Dynamic General Equilibrium Model2011

    • Author(s)
      胡云芳
    • Organizer
      フラグメンテーション,タイムゾーン,およびその動学的帰結」研究集会(神戸マクロ経済学研究会KMSGとの共催)
    • Place of Presentation
      尾道大学
    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Financial integration and aggregate stability2010

    • Author(s)
      胡云芳
    • Organizer
      マクロ経済動学の非線形数理
    • Place of Presentation
      京都大学(京都府)
    • Year and Date
      2010-09-07
    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] The "law of rising price" in an imperfectly competitive declining industy2010

    • Author(s)
      Fumio Dei
    • Organizer
      Western Economic Association International 85^<th> Annual Conference
    • Place of Presentation
      Hilton Portland & Exective Tower, Portland, USA
    • Year and Date
      2010-07-01
    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Quality of labor markets, majority vote, and trade in a developing country2010

    • Author(s)
      Fumio Dei
    • Organizer
      2^<nd> Conference of IEFS China
    • Place of Presentation
      University of International Business and Economics, Beijing, China
    • Year and Date
      2010-05-22
    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
  • [Book] 国際経済学 国際貿易編2013

    • Author(s)
      中西訓嗣
    • Total Pages
      375
    • Publisher
      ミネルヴァ書房
    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
  • [Book] 相互依存状況における貿易政策のゲーム理論---ソーシャル・シチュエーション理論と安定集合アプローチ2010

    • Author(s)
      中西訓嗣
    • Total Pages
      215
    • Publisher
      ミネルヴァ書房
    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report

URL: 

Published: 2010-08-23   Modified: 2019-07-29  

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