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FORMATION MECHANISM OF SPOTANEOUS SUPERLATTICE BY APPLICATION OFMAGNETIC FIELD DURING DEPOSITION AND STRUCTURE INDUCED FERROELECTRICITY

Research Project

Project/Area Number 22360270
Research Category

Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)

Allocation TypeSingle-year Grants
Section一般
Research Field Inorganic materials/Physical properties
Research InstitutionShizuoka University

Principal Investigator

WAKIYA Naoki  静岡大学, 工学部, 教授 (40251623)

Co-Investigator(Kenkyū-buntansha) SUZUKI Hisao  静岡大学, 創造科学技術大学院, 教授 (70154573)
SAKAMOTO Naonori  静岡大学, 工学部, 助教 (80451996)
Co-Investigator(Renkei-kenkyūsha) SHINOZAKI Kazuo  東京工業大学, 理工学研究科, 教授 (00196388)
FU Desheng  静岡大学, 手グローバル研究リーダー育成拠点, 特認准教授 (30422546)
Project Period (FY) 2010 – 2012
Project Status Completed (Fiscal Year 2012)
Budget Amount *help
¥19,110,000 (Direct Cost: ¥14,700,000、Indirect Cost: ¥4,410,000)
Fiscal Year 2012: ¥2,730,000 (Direct Cost: ¥2,100,000、Indirect Cost: ¥630,000)
Fiscal Year 2011: ¥5,330,000 (Direct Cost: ¥4,100,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,230,000)
Fiscal Year 2010: ¥11,050,000 (Direct Cost: ¥8,500,000、Indirect Cost: ¥2,550,000)
KeywordsPLD / 磁場印加 / SrTiO3 / 強誘電体 / 超格子 / 強誘電性 / SrTiO_3
Research Abstract

Spontaneous formation of superlattice is observed for homoepitaxially grown SrTiO3thin film with Sr-excess composition deposited on Nb-SrTiO3(001) single crystal substrate when the film was deposited using PLD in the magnetic field. It was clarified that this phenomenon is caused by surface-directed spinodal decomposition. This film shows ferroelectricity even at room temperature. This phenomenon would be caused by the internal strain that forms at the interface of layers with different composition.

Report

(4 results)
  • 2012 Annual Research Report   Final Research Report ( PDF )
  • 2011 Annual Research Report
  • 2010 Annual Research Report
  • Research Products

    (46 results)

All 2013 2012 2011 2010 Other

All Journal Article (21 results) (of which Peer Reviewed: 21 results) Presentation (22 results) Book (2 results) Remarks (1 results)

  • [Journal Article] Magnetic field effects during deposition on crystal structure and magnetic properties of BaFe<sub>12</sub>O<sub>19</sub> thin films prepared using PLD in the magnetic field (Dynamic aurora PLD)2013

    • Author(s)
      Dai Suzuki, Naonori Sakamoto, Kazuo Shinozaki, Hisao Suzukiand Naoki Wakiya
    • Journal Title

      Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan

      Volume: 121 Issue: 1409 Pages: 45-48

    • DOI

      10.2109/jcersj2.121.45

    • NAID

      130004950789

    • ISSN
      1348-6535, 1882-0743
    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report 2012 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Magnetic and photocatalytic properties of n- and p-type ZnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> particles synthesized using ultrasonic spray pyrolysis2013

    • Author(s)
      Takanori Nunome, Hiroshi Irie, Naonori Sakamoto, Osamu Sakurai, Kazuo Shinozaki, Hisao Suzukiand Naoki Wakiya
    • Journal Title

      Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan

      Volume: 121 Issue: 1409 Pages: 26-30

    • DOI

      10.2109/jcersj2.121.26

    • NAID

      130004950782

    • ISSN
      1348-6535, 1882-0743
    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report 2012 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Stress state analysis of stress engineered BaTiO3thin film by LaNiO3bottom electrode2013

    • Author(s)
      Kohei Murakoshi, Kohei Fukamachi, Naonori Sakamoto, Tomoya Ohno, Takanori Kiguchi, Takeshi Matsuda, Toyohiko Konno, Naoki Wakiyaand Hisao Suzuki
    • Journal Title

      J. Ceram. Soc. Jpn

      Volume: 121[3} Pages: 273-277

    • NAID

      130004950818

    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Stress state analysis of stress engineered BaTiO<sub>3</sub> thin film by LaNiO<sub>3</sub> bottom electrode2013

    • Author(s)
      K. Murakoshi, K. Fukamachi, N. Sakamoto, T. Ohno, T. Kiguchi, T. Matsuda, T. Konno, N. Wakiya, Hisao Suzuki
    • Journal Title

      Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan

      Volume: 121 Issue: 1411 Pages: 273-277

    • DOI

      10.2109/jcersj2.121.273

    • NAID

      130004950818

    • ISSN
      1348-6535, 1882-0743
    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Strain-Induced Electrical Properties of Lead Zirconate Titanate Thin Films on a Si wafer with Controlled Oxide Electrode Structure2012

    • Author(s)
      Tomoya Ohno, Masaaki Ishiduka, Takashi Arai, Hiroaki. Yanagida, Takeshi. Matsuda, Naonori Sakamoto, Naoki Wakiyaand Hisao Suzuki
    • Journal Title

      Jpn. J. Appl. Phys

      Volume: 51 [9] Issue: 9S1 Pages: 09LA13-09LA13

    • DOI

      10.1143/jjap.51.09la13

    • NAID

      210000141231

    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report 2012 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Magnetic Properties of Epitaxial NiFe2O4Thin Films prepared using Dynamic Aurora PLD in a Magnetic Field2011

    • Author(s)
      Takayoshi Kubo, Naonori Sakamoto, Kazuo Shinozaki, Hisao Suzukiand Naoki Wakiya
    • Journal Title

      Key Engineering Mater

      Volume: 485 Pages: 221-224

    • DOI

      10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.485.221

    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Ferroelectricity of SrTiO3Thin Films prepared by Dynamic-Aurora pulsed laser deposition2011

    • Author(s)
      Kiyotaka Yamashita, Yoshihiro Sakamaki, Naonori Sakamoto, Kazuo Shinozaki, Hisao Suzukiand Naoki Wakiya
    • Journal Title

      Key Engineering Mater

      Volume: 485 Pages: 11-14

    • DOI

      10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.485.11

    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report 2011 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Preparation of heteroepitaxial SrRuO3thin film on Si substrate and microstructure of BaTiO3-NiFe2O4epitaxial composite thin film deposited on the SrRuO3bottom electrode using PLD2011

    • Author(s)
      Naoki Wakiya, Naonori Sakamoto, Shigeki Sawamura, Desheng Fu, Kazuo Shinozakiand Hisao Suzuki
    • Journal Title

      Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc

      Volume: 1308

    • DOI

      10.1557/opl.2011.631

    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report 2011 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Magnetic and optical properties of MgAl2O4-(Ni0.5Zn0.5)Fe2O4thin films prepared by pulsed laser deposition2011

    • Author(s)
      Takeshi Misu, Naonori Sakamoto, Kazuo Shinozaki, Nobuyasu Adachi, Hisao Suzukiand Naoki Wakiya
    • Journal Title

      Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater

      Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Pages: 034408-034408

    • DOI

      10.1088/1468-6996/12/3/034408

    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Fabrication of two-dimensional close-packed shell structure in ceramic thin films2011

    • Author(s)
      Ryo Usami, Naonori Sakamoto, Kazuo Shinozaki, Hisao Suzukiand Naoki Wakiya
    • Journal Title

      Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater

      Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Pages: 034405-034405

    • DOI

      10.1088/1468-6996/12/3/034406

    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Effect of stress engineering on the electrical properties of BaTiO_3 thin film2011

    • Author(s)
      Kohei Fukamachi, Naonori Sakamoto, Tomoya Ohno, Desheng Fu, Naoki Wakiya, Takeshi Matsuda, Hisao Suzuki
    • Journal Title

      Jpn J.Appl.Phys.

      Volume: 50 Issue: 9S2 Pages: 50-50

    • DOI

      10.1143/jjap.50.09na03

    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Microstructure and electrical properties of BaTiO3 thin films by modified CSD2011

    • Author(s)
      M.Nagasaka, Masaomi, D.Iwasaki, N.Sakamoto, D.Fu, N.Wakiya, H.Suzuki
    • Journal Title

      Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan

      Volume: 119 Issue: 1390 Pages: 498-501

    • DOI

      10.2109/jcersj2.119.498

    • NAID

      130000784619

    • ISSN
      1348-6535, 1882-0743
    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Nanostructure and strain analysis of CeO2/YSZ strained superlattice2010

    • Author(s)
      Takanori Kiguchi, Toyohiko Konno, Naoki Wakiya, Hitoshi Morioka, Keisuke Saito and Kazuo Shinozaki
    • Journal Title

      Mater. Sci. Eng. B

      Volume: 173 Issue: 1-3 Pages: 220-228

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.mseb.2010.02.013

    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Comparison of thermal stability of epitaxially grown (La0.5Sr0.5)CoO3and (La0.6Sr0.4)MnO3thin films deposited on Si substrate2010

    • Author(s)
      Shigeki Sawamura, Naonori Sakamoto, Desheng Fu, Kazuo Shinozaki, Hisao Suzuki and Naoki Wakiya
    • Journal Title

      Key Engineering Mater

      Volume: 445 Pages: 160-163

    • DOI

      10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.445.160

    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Effect of bottom electrode structure on electrical properties of BaTiO_3 thin film fabricated by CSD method2010

    • Author(s)
      N.Sakamoto, H.Yoshioka, J.Suzuki, T.Suzuki, N.Wakiya, H.Suzuki
    • Journal Title

      J.Ceram.Soc.Jpn.

      Volume: 118 Pages: 669-673

    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Low-temperature crystallization of CSD-derived PZT thin film with laser annealing2010

    • Author(s)
      T.Miyazaki, T.Imai, N.Wakiya, N.Sakamoto, D.Fu, H.Suzuki
    • Journal Title

      Mater.Sci.Eng.B

      Volume: 173 Pages: 89-93

    • NAID

      130006980063

    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Enhanced electrical properties of ferroelectric thin films with electric field induced domain control2010

    • Author(s)
      T.Noda, N.Sakamoto, N.Wakiya, H.Suzuki, K.Komaki
    • Journal Title

      Mater.Sci.Eng.B

      Volume: 173 Pages: 25-28

    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Effect of the electrode structure on the electrical properties of alkoxide derived ferroelectric thin film2010

    • Author(s)
      T.Ohno, T.Matsuda, T.Nukina, N.Sakamoto, N.Wakiya, S.Tokuda, H.Suzuki
    • Journal Title

      Mater.Lett.

      Volume: 64 Pages: 1742-1744

    • NAID

      130006980099

    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Tunable barium strontium titanete thin films by CSD2010

    • Author(s)
      D.Iwasaki, M.Maruyama, N.Sakamoto, D.Fu, N.Wakiya, H.Suzuki
    • Journal Title

      Key Engineering Mater.

      Volume: 445 Pages: 156-159

    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Comparison of thermal stability of epitaxially grown (La_<0.5>Sr_<0.5>)CoO_3 and (La_<0.6>Sr_<0.4>)MnO_3 thin films deposited on Si substrate2010

    • Author(s)
      S.Sawamura, N.Sakamoto, D.Fu, K.Shinozaki, H.Suzuki, N.Wakiya
    • Journal Title

      Key Engineering Mater.

      Volume: 445 Pages: 160-163

    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Ferroelectric Properties of epitaxial BiFe0.97Mn0.03O3 thin films with different crystal orientations deposited on buffered Si substrate2010

    • Author(s)
      H.Y.Go, N.Wakiya, T.Kiguchi, T.Yoshioka, O.Sakurai, J.S.Cross, J.Tanaka, K.Shinozaki
    • Journal Title

      Key Engineering Mater.

      Volume: 445 Pages: 111-114

    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Presentation] ダイナミックオーロラPLD法で作製したNb-SrTiO3薄膜における自発的に生成した超格子薄膜の周期に対する時効効果2013

    • Author(s)
      石井隼人、坂元尚紀、篠崎和夫、鈴木久男、脇谷尚樹
    • Organizer
      日本セラミックス協会2013年年会
    • Place of Presentation
      東京工業大学(東京都)
    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] ダイナミックオーロラPLD法で作製したNb-SrTiO3薄膜における自発的に生成した超格子薄膜の周期に対する時効効果2013

    • Author(s)
      石井隼人, 坂元尚紀, 篠崎和夫, 鈴木久男, 脇谷尚樹
    • Organizer
      日本セラミックス協会2013年年会
    • Place of Presentation
      東京工業大学(東京都)
    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Formation of La1-XSrXMnO3thin films with spontaneous superlattice structure by pulsed laser deposition2012

    • Author(s)
      Dai Suzuki, Naonori Sakamoto, Kazuo Shinozaki, Hisao Suzuki and Naoki Wakiya
    • Organizer
      The 29thInternational Korea-Japan Seminar on Ceramics
    • Place of Presentation
      EXCO in Daegu (Korea)
    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] ダイナミックオーロラPLD法で作製したホモエピタキシャル成長SrTiO3薄膜における自発的超格子構造の生成とSTEP基板の影響2012

    • Author(s)
      榊原利真、坂元尚紀、篠崎和夫、鈴木久男、脇谷尚樹
    • Organizer
      日本セラミックス協会第25回秋季シンポジウム
    • Place of Presentation
      名古屋大学(愛知県)
    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] パルスレーザー堆積法により作製した自発的超格子構造を有するLa1-XSrXMnO3薄膜2012

    • Author(s)
      鈴木大幾、坂元尚紀、篠崎和夫、鈴木久男、脇谷尚樹
    • Organizer
      日本セラミックス協会第25回秋季シンポジウム
    • Place of Presentation
      名古屋大学(愛知県)
    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] ダイナミックオーロラPLD法によるNb-SrTiO3薄膜における自発的超格子の生成と熱電特性2012

    • Author(s)
      石井隼人、坂元尚紀、篠崎和夫、鈴木久男、脇谷尚樹
    • Organizer
      第28回日本セラミックス協会関東支部研究発表会
    • Place of Presentation
      静岡大学(静岡県)
    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] Fabrication and ferroelectric property of LNO/PZT/LNO self-supported thin film using monodispersed polystyrene particle templates2012

    • Author(s)
      Naoki Yamamoto, Naonori Sakamoto, Kazuo Shinozaki, Hisao Suzuki, Naoki Wakiya
    • Organizer
      STAC6
    • Place of Presentation
      メルパルク横浜(神奈川県)
    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] ダイナミックオーロラPLD法で作製したホモエピタキシャル成長SrTiO3 薄膜における自発的超格子構造の生成とSTEP基板の影響2012

    • Author(s)
      榊原利真, 坂元尚紀, 篠崎和夫, 鈴木久男, 脇谷尚樹
    • Organizer
      日本セラミックス協会第25回秋季シンポジウム
    • Place of Presentation
      名古屋大学(愛知県)
    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Formation of La1-xSrxMnO3 thin films with spontaneous superlattice structure by pulsed laser2012

    • Author(s)
      D. Suzuki, N. Sakamoto, K. Shinozaki, H. Suzuki, N. Wakiya
    • Organizer
      The 29th International Korea-Japan Seminar on Ceramics
    • Place of Presentation
      EXCO in Daegu (Korea)
    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] パルスレーザー堆積法により作製した自発的超格子構造を有するLa1-xSrxMnO3薄膜2012

    • Author(s)
      鈴木大幾, 坂元尚紀, 篠崎和夫, 鈴木久男, 脇谷尚樹
    • Organizer
      日本セラミックス協会第25回秋季シンポジウム
    • Place of Presentation
      名古屋大学(愛知県)
    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Spontaneous Formation of Superlattice Structure in Strontium Titanate Thin Film Prepared by Dynamic Aurora PLD2011

    • Author(s)
      Naoki Wakiya
    • Organizer
      Autumn Conference of Korean Ceramic Society(招待講演)
    • Place of Presentation
      光州国際会議場(韓国)
    • Year and Date
      2011-10-24
    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] Spontaneous Formation of Superlattice structure in strontium Titanate Thin Film Prepared by Dynamic Aurora PLD2011

    • Author(s)
      Naoki Wakiya
    • Organizer
      Autumn Conference of Korean Ceramic Society
    • Place of Presentation
      光州(韓国)国際会議場(招待講演)
    • Year and Date
      2011-10-24
    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] ダイナミックオーロラPLD法で作製したホモエピタキシャル成長SrTiO3薄膜における自発的人工超格子構造の生成と超格子周期の制御2011

    • Author(s)
      榊原利真、坂元尚紀、符徳勝、篠崎和夫、鈴木久男、脇谷尚樹
    • Organizer
      第27回日本セラミックス協会関東支部研究発表会
    • Place of Presentation
      千葉大学(千葉県)
    • Year and Date
      2011-09-29
    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] ダイナミックオーロラPLD法で作製したホモエピタキシャル成長SrTiO3薄膜における自発的人工超格子構造の生成と超格子周期の制御2011

    • Author(s)
      榊原利真, 坂元尚紀, 符徳勝, 篠崎和夫, 鈴木久夫, 脇谷尚樹
    • Organizer
      第27回日本セラミックス協会関東支部発表会
    • Place of Presentation
      千葉大学(千葉)
    • Year and Date
      2011-09-29
    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Preparation and phase stability of ZnIn2O4thin film with spinel family2011

    • Author(s)
      Naoki Wakiya, Kazuki Tanemura, Naonori Sakamoto, Kazuo Shinozaki and Hisao Suzuki
    • Organizer
      ISFM2011(招待講演)
    • Place of Presentation
      東北大学(宮城県)
    • Year and Date
      2011-08-05
    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] Preparation and phase stability of ZnIn_2O_4 thin film with spinel family2011

    • Author(s)
      N.Wakiya, K.Tanenura, N.Sakamoto, K.Shinozaki, H.Suzuki
    • Organizer
      ISFM2011
    • Place of Presentation
      東北大学(仙台)(招待講演)
    • Year and Date
      2011-08-05
    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] In-situ magnetic field induced functional oxide thin film by PLD2011

    • Author(s)
      Naoki Wakiya
    • Organizer
      PacRim9(招待講演)
    • Place of Presentation
      ケアンズ国際会議場(オーストラリア)
    • Year and Date
      2011-07-12
    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] In-situ magnetic field induced functional oxide thin film by PLD2011

    • Author(s)
      Naoki Wakiya
    • Organizer
      PacRim9
    • Place of Presentation
      ケアンズ(オーストラリア)国際会議場(招待講演)
    • Year and Date
      2011-07-12
    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] ダイナミックオーロラPLD法による磁場印加成膜したホモエピタキシャル成長SrTiO_3薄膜の応力誘起強誘電性2011

    • Author(s)
      山下清隆、坂元尚紀、符徳勝、木口賢紀、篠崎和夫、鈴木久夫、脇谷尚樹
    • Organizer
      日本セラミックス協会2011年年会
    • Place of Presentation
      静岡大学浜松キャンパス
    • Year and Date
      2011-03-18
    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] ダイナミックオーロラPLD法による磁場印加成膜したホモエピタキシャル成長SrTiO3薄膜の応力誘起強誘電性2011

    • Author(s)
      山下清隆、坂元尚紀、符徳勝、木口賢紀、篠崎和夫、鈴木久男、脇谷尚樹
    • Organizer
      日本セラミックス協会2011年年会
    • Place of Presentation
      静岡大学(静岡県)
    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] ダイナミックオーロラPLD法で作製したホモエピタキシャル成長SrTiO_3薄膜の結晶構造と物性に及ぼす成膜時の磁場印加効果2010

    • Author(s)
      山下清隆、坂元尚紀、符徳勝、木口賢紀、篠崎和夫、鈴木久夫、脇谷尚樹
    • Organizer
      日本セラミックス協会電子材料部会 第30回エレクトロセラミックス研究討論会
    • Place of Presentation
      東京理科大学森戸記念館
    • Year and Date
      2010-10-29
    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] ダイナミックオーロラPLD法で作製したホモエピタキシャル成長SrTiO3薄膜の結晶構造と物性に及ぼす成膜時の磁場印加効果2010

    • Author(s)
      山下清隆、坂元尚紀、符徳勝、木口賢紀、篠崎和夫、鈴木久男、脇谷尚樹
    • Organizer
      日本セラミックス協会電子材料部会
    • Place of Presentation
      第30回エレクトロセラミックス研究討論会
    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
  • [Book] セラミックス機能化ハンドブック:強誘電性・強磁性の複合機能薄膜2011

    • Author(s)
      脇谷尚樹、坂元尚紀、篠崎和夫、鈴木久男
    • Publisher
      株)エヌ・ティー・エス
    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
  • [Book] セラミックス機能化ハンドブック:強誘電性点強磁性の複合機能薄膜2011

    • Author(s)
      脇谷尚樹、坂元尚紀、篠崎和夫、鈴木久男
    • Total Pages
      10
    • Publisher
      (株)エヌ・ティー・エス
    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
  • [Remarks]

    • URL

      http://www.ipc.shizuoka.ac.jp/~tnsakam/

    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report

URL: 

Published: 2010-08-23   Modified: 2019-07-29  

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