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All weather remote sensing methods for crop and farmland monitoring based on multi-frequency and multi-polarization microwave sensing

Research Project

Project/Area Number 22380142
Research Category

Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)

Allocation TypeSingle-year Grants
Section一般
Research Field Agricultural information engineering
Research InstitutionNational Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences

Principal Investigator

INOUE Yoshio  独立行政法人農業環境技術研究所, 生態系計測研究領域, 上席研究員 (40354013)

Co-Investigator(Kenkyū-buntansha) ISHITSUKA Naoki  独立行政法人農業環境技術研究所, 主任研究員 (20414500)
Co-Investigator(Renkei-kenkyūsha) YAMAGUCHI Yoshio  新潟大学, 工学部, 教授 (50115086)
WATANABE Tomonari  独立行政法人農業・食品産業技術総合研究機構, 中央総合農業研究センター, チーム長 (20355548)
Project Period (FY) 2010 – 2012
Project Status Completed (Fiscal Year 2012)
Budget Amount *help
¥18,460,000 (Direct Cost: ¥14,200,000、Indirect Cost: ¥4,260,000)
Fiscal Year 2012: ¥4,030,000 (Direct Cost: ¥3,100,000、Indirect Cost: ¥930,000)
Fiscal Year 2011: ¥6,110,000 (Direct Cost: ¥4,700,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,410,000)
Fiscal Year 2010: ¥8,320,000 (Direct Cost: ¥6,400,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,920,000)
Keywordsリモートセンシング / マイクロ波 / 合成開口レーダ / 水田 / 衛星 / イネ / 地球観測衛星 / SAR / 後方散乱係数 / 後方散乱 / 発育形態モデル / 多周波 / 衛星画像
Research Abstract

Innovative microwave remote sensing methods have been investigated for timely assessment of crop and farmland based on satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and scatterometer sensors. Our study has revealed the sensitivity of backscattering signatures in multi-frequency bands (Ka, Ku, X, C, L) under various polarizations and incidence angles to crop biophysical variables and farmland conditions. The results are promising for all weather and timely monitoring of crop and farmland at regional scales.

Report

(4 results)
  • 2012 Annual Research Report   Final Research Report ( PDF )
  • 2011 Annual Research Report
  • 2010 Annual Research Report
  • Research Products

    (61 results)

All 2013 2012 2011 2010

All Journal Article (20 results) (of which Peer Reviewed: 20 results) Presentation (35 results) Book (6 results)

  • [Journal Article] Relationship between X-band backscattering coefficients from high-resolution satellite SAR and biophysical variables in paddy rice2013

    • Author(s)
      Inoue, Y., Sakaiya, E
    • Journal Title

      Remote Sensing Letters

      Volume: vol.4 Issue: 3 Pages: 317-331

    • DOI

      10.1080/2150704x.2012.725482

    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] ALOS/PALSAR データを用いた飼料用トウモロコシ作付圃場把握の試み2013

    • Author(s)
      石塚直樹, 牧野司
    • Journal Title

      システム農学

      Volume: vol.29 Pages: 75-80

    • NAID

      130005074414

    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] 米の適期収穫へのリモートセンシングの実践的利用2013

    • Author(s)
      境谷栄二, 井上吉雄
    • Journal Title

      日本リモートセンシング学会誌

      Volume: vol.33(印刷中)

    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report 2012 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Relationship between X-band backscattering coefficients from high-resolution satellite SAR and biophysical variables in paddy rice.2013

    • Author(s)
      Yoshio Inoue, Eiji Sakaiya
    • Journal Title

      Remote Sensing Letters

      Volume: 4 Pages: 288-295

    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] ALOS/PALSAR データを用いた飼料用トウモロコシ作付圃場把握の試み2013

    • Author(s)
      石塚直樹、牧野司
    • Journal Title

      システム農学

      Volume: 29 Pages: 75-80

    • NAID

      130005074414

    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Diagnostic mapping of canopy nitrogen content in rice based on hyperspectral measurements2012

    • Author(s)
      Inoue, Y., Sakaiya, E., Zhu, Y., Takahashi, W
    • Journal Title

      Remote Sensing of Environment

      Volume: vol.126 Pages: 210-221

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.rse.2012.08.026

    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Synoptic assessment of environmental impact of agricultural management: a case study on nitrogen fertilizer impact on groundwater quality, using a fine-scale geoinformation system2012

    • Author(s)
      Inoue, Y., Dabrowska-Zierinska, K., Qi, J
    • Journal Title

      International Journal of Environmental Studies

      Volume: vol.69 Pages: 443-460

    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] リモートセンシングによる玄米タンパク含有率の推定精度に影響する誤差要因-地域スケールでの実践的応用に向けて-2012

    • Author(s)
      境谷栄二, 井上吉雄
    • Journal Title

      日本作物学会紀事

      Volume: vol.81 Pages: 317-331

    • NAID

      130004461941

    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Synoptic assessment of environmental impact of agricultural management: a case study on nitrogen fertilizer impact on groundwater quality, using a fine-scale geoinformation system.2012

    • Author(s)
      Yoshio Inoue, Kataryna Dabrowska-Zierinska, Jiaguo Qi
    • Journal Title

      International Journal of Environmental Studies

      Volume: 69 Pages: 443-460

    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] リモートセンシングによる玄米タンパク含有率の推定精度に影響する誤差要因 -地域スケールでの実践的応用に向けて-.2012

    • Author(s)
      境谷栄二, 井上吉雄
    • Journal Title

      日本作物学会紀事

      Volume: 81 Pages: 317-331

    • NAID

      130004461941

    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Diagnostic mapping of canopy nitrogen content in rice based on hyperspectral measurements.2012

    • Author(s)
      Yoshio Inoue, Eiji Sakaiya, Yan Zhu, Wataru Takahashi
    • Journal Title

      Remote Sensing of Environment

      Volume: 126 Pages: 210-221

    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Roles and impacts of biomass burning in slash-and-burn land use in tropical mountains : a case study in Laos2011

    • Author(s)
      Inoue, Y
    • Journal Title

      Global Environmental Research

      Volume: vol.15 Pages: 21-30

    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Waveband selection using a phased regression with a bootstrap procedure for estimating legume content in a mixed sown pasture2011

    • Author(s)
      Kawamura, K., Watanabe, N., Sakanoue, S., Lee, H.J., Inoue, Y
    • Journal Title

      Grassland Science

      Volume: vol.57 Pages: 81-93

    • NAID

      10029738828

    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] 食糧-環境インテリジェンスのための生態系リモートセンシング-問題解決に向けた信号データ利用法-2011

    • Author(s)
      井上吉雄
    • Journal Title

      日本リモートセンシング学会誌

      Volume: vol.31 Pages: 2-26

    • NAID

      10027809840

    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report 2010 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] 食糧の生産と安全保障,生態系の持続性に向けたリモートセンシングの役割2011

    • Author(s)
      井上吉雄
    • Journal Title

      日本リモートセンシング学会誌

      Volume: vol.31 Pages: 202-207

    • NAID

      10028238753

    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report 2011 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Roles and impacts of biomass burning in slash-and -burn land use in tropical mountains2011

    • Author(s)
      Yoshio INOUE
    • Journal Title

      GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH

      Volume: 15 Pages: 21-30

    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Waveband selection using a phased regression with a bootstrap procedure for estimating legume content in a mixed sown pasture2011

    • Author(s)
      Kensuke Kawamura, Nariyasu Watanabe, Seiichi Sakanoue, Hyo-Jin Lee, Yoshio Inoue
    • Journal Title

      GRASSLAND SCIENCE

      Volume: 57 Pages: 81-93

    • NAID

      10029738828

    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] The photochemical reflectance index (PRI) and the remote sensing of leaf, canopy and ecosystem radiation use efficiencies2010

    • Author(s)
      Garbulsky, M.F., Penuelas, J., Gamon, J., Inoue, Y., Filella, I.
    • Journal Title

      Remote Sensing of Environment

      Volume: vol.115 Pages: 281-297

    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] The function of remote sensing in support of environmental policy2010

    • Author(s)
      de Leeuw, J., Georgiadou, Y., Kerle, N., de Gier, A., Inoue, Y., et al.
    • Journal Title

      Remote Sensing

      Volume: vol.2010 Pages: 1731-1750

    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] The photochemical reflectance index (PRI) and the remote sensing of leaf, canopy and ecosystem radiation use efficiencies : A review and meta-analysis2010

    • Author(s)
      Martin F.Garbulsky, Josep Penuelas, John Gamon, Yoshio Inoue, Iolanda Filella
    • Journal Title

      Remote Sensing of Environment

      Volume: 115 Pages: 281-297

    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Presentation] Capability of X- and C-band σ0 from high-resolution satellite SAR images for assessment of biophysical variables in rice2013

    • Author(s)
      Yoshio Inoue, Eiji Sakaiya
    • Organizer
      International Annual Meeting of ASA, CSSA, and SSSA
    • Place of Presentation
      Tampa, USA
    • Year and Date
      2013-11-03
    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] Potential of high-resolution X- and C-band SAR sensors for assessment of biophysical variables in paddy rice2013

    • Author(s)
      Yoshio Inoue, Eiji Sakaiya
    • Organizer
      International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium(IGARSS)
    • Place of Presentation
      Melbourne, Australia
    • Year and Date
      2013-07-21
    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] バンドSAR データによるダイズ圃場の抽出精度向上2013

    • Author(s)
      石塚直樹, 井上吉雄, 境谷栄二
    • Organizer
      システム農学会2013年度春季大会
    • Place of Presentation
      つくば市
    • Year and Date
      2013-05-23
    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] ハイパースペクトル計測に基づいた群落クロロフィル量推定法の総合比較2013

    • Author(s)
      井上吉雄, Frederic Baret, Albert Olioso, Martin Schlerf, Andrew Skidmore
    • Organizer
      日本作物学会紀事82 別1: 222-223.
    • Place of Presentation
      川崎市
    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Ecosystem remote sensing for agricultural and environmental intelligence -issues and methdologies -.2013

    • Author(s)
      Yoshio Inoue
    • Organizer
      International Sympisium on Remote Sensing 2013
    • Place of Presentation
      習志野市
    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] RapidEyeを用いた水田のMODIS時系列観測データの特性評価.2013

    • Author(s)
      石原光則, 井上吉雄
    • Organizer
      システム農学会2013年度春季大会
    • Place of Presentation
      つくば市
    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] XバンドSARデータによるダイズ圃場の抽出精度向上2013

    • Author(s)
      石塚直樹, 井上吉雄, 境谷栄二
    • Organizer
      システム農学会2013年度春季大会
    • Place of Presentation
      つくば市
    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Capability of X- and C-band σ0 from high-resolution satellite SAR images for assessment of biophysical variables in rice.2013

    • Author(s)
      Yoshio Inoue, Eiji Sakaiya
    • Organizer
      International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) 2013
    • Place of Presentation
      Melbourne, Australia
    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Potential of high-resolution X- and C-band SAR sensors for assessment of biophysical variables in paddy rice.2013

    • Author(s)
      Yoshio Inoue, Eiji Sakaiya
    • Organizer
      International Annual Meeting of ASA, CSSA, and SSSA
    • Place of Presentation
      Tampa, USA
    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Detection accuracy of waterlogged paddy fields using wide fine mode of RADARSAT-22012

    • Author(s)
      Naoki ISHITSUKA
    • Organizer
      The 33rd Asian Conference on Remote Sensing
    • Place of Presentation
      Pattaya, Thailand
    • Year and Date
      2012-11-26
    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report 2012 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] 高解像度SAR 画像による作物・農地情報の計測評価 1. CおよびXバンド後方散乱係数と水稲生育・収量形質の関係.2012

    • Author(s)
      井上吉雄、境谷栄二、石塚直樹
    • Organizer
      日本リモートセンシング学会52回学術講演会論文集
    • Place of Presentation
      57-58, 東京
    • Year and Date
      2012-05-24
    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] スペクトル画像の空中測計による作物・圃場状態の診断と予測第10報ハイパースペクトル計測に基づいた土壌炭素含有率推定法の検討2012

    • Author(s)
      井上吉雄, 支暁春
    • Organizer
      日本作物学会
    • Place of Presentation
      東京
    • Year and Date
      2012-03-28
    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 高解像度SAR画像による作物・農地情報の計測評価  1. CおよびXバンド後方散乱係数と水稲生育・収量形質の関係.2012

    • Author(s)
      井上吉雄、境谷栄二、石塚直樹
    • Organizer
      日本リモートセンシング学会52回学術講演会論文集: 57-58.
    • Place of Presentation
      東京
    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 米の適期収穫へのリモートセンシングの実践的利用2012

    • Author(s)
      境谷栄二, 井上吉雄, 高木学
    • Organizer
      日本リモートセンシング学会52回学術講演会論文集: 175-176.
    • Place of Presentation
      東京
    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Estimating soil carbon content in diverse ecosystems based on hyperspectral analysis.2012

    • Author(s)
      Yoshio Inoue, Xianchun Zhi
    • Organizer
      International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) 2012
    • Place of Presentation
      Munich, Germany
    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] ハイパースペクトル計測による多様な生態系の土壌炭素含有率の推定-反射指数法と多変量回帰法の総合的比較2012

    • Author(s)
      Xianchun Zhi, 井上吉雄
    • Organizer
      日本リモートセンシング学会53回学術講演会論文集: 177-178.
    • Place of Presentation
      東広島市
    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 異種衛星センサによる水田の分光データの比較分析.2012

    • Author(s)
      石原光則, 井上吉雄, 小野圭介, 秋津朋子, 奈佐原顕郎
    • Organizer
      日本リモートセンシング学会53回学術講演会論文集: 177-178.
    • Place of Presentation
      東広島市
    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] SARによる水稲作付面積把握とALOS-2への期待2011

    • Author(s)
      石塚直樹
    • Organizer
      ALOS-2ワークショップ
    • Place of Presentation
      つくば市
    • Year and Date
      2011-11-17
    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Spectral assessment of soil carbon content as affected by soil water content2011

    • Author(s)
      Xiaochun Zhi, Yoshio Inoue
    • Organizer
      日本リモートセンシング学会
    • Place of Presentation
      弘前
    • Year and Date
      2011-11-10
    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Project for development of application using satellite image to measure paddy rice planted area in Japan-case of PALSAR-2011

    • Author(s)
      N.Ishitsuka, N.Tomiyama, T.Yamanokuchi, G.Saito, C.Yonezawa, S.Ogawa
    • Organizer
      APSAR2011
    • Place of Presentation
      Seoul, Korea
    • Year and Date
      2011-10-25
    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] RADARSAT-2 の新広域観測モードを用いた湛水水田の検出2011

    • Author(s)
      石塚直樹
    • Organizer
      システム農学会秋季学術講演会
    • Place of Presentation
      つくば市
    • Year and Date
      2011-10-12
    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] RADARSAT-2の新広域観測モードを用いた湛水水田の検出2011

    • Author(s)
      石塚直樹
    • Organizer
      システム農学会秋季学術講演会
    • Place of Presentation
      つくば市
    • Year and Date
      2011-10-12
    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Earth observation from space in support of better functioning of sloping agroecosystems2011

    • Author(s)
      Yoshio INOUE
    • Organizer
      International Workshop on Sustainable Farming Strategies for Increased Resiliency of Asian Sloping Land Agroecosystems amid Climate Change
    • Place of Presentation
      Manila, Philippines(招待講演)
    • Year and Date
      2011-10-05
    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Detection of flooded paddy fields using new wide observation mode of RADAR SAT-22011

    • Author(s)
      Naoki Ishitsuka
    • Organizer
      Asian Conference on Remote Sensing 2011
    • Place of Presentation
      Taipei, Taiwan
    • Year and Date
      2011-10-05
    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Potential of high-resolution SAR-images in assessment of paddy rice variables2011

    • Author(s)
      Yoshio Inoue, Eiji Sakaiya, Naoki Ishitsuka
    • Organizer
      International Geoscience andRemote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) 2011
    • Place of Presentation
      Vancouver, Canada
    • Year and Date
      2011-07-25
    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] Observation of Japanese paddy fields using PALSAR data2011

    • Author(s)
      Naoki Ishitsuka
    • Organizer
      International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) 2011
    • Place of Presentation
      Vancouver, Canada
    • Year and Date
      2011-07-25
    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report 2011 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Potential of high-resolution SAR-images in assessment of paddy rice variables2011

    • Author(s)
      Yoshio Inoue, Eiji Sakaiya, Naoki Ishitsuka
    • Organizer
      International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) 2011
    • Place of Presentation
      Vancouver, Canada
    • Year and Date
      2011-07-25
    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] PALSAR 全偏波モードデータを用いたつくばにおける水田の分類事例2011

    • Author(s)
      石塚直樹
    • Organizer
      システム農学会春季学術講演会
    • Place of Presentation
      つくば市
    • Year and Date
      2011-05-12
    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] PALSAR全偏波モードデータを用いたつくばにおける水田の分類事例2011

    • Author(s)
      石塚直樹
    • Organizer
      システム農学会春季学術講演会
    • Place of Presentation
      つくば市
    • Year and Date
      2011-05-12
    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 津軽中央地域における胴割米の発生要因の解析2011

    • Author(s)
      境谷栄二, 木村利行, 井上吉雄
    • Organizer
      日本作物学会
    • Place of Presentation
      東京
    • Year and Date
      2011-03-28
    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Spectral assessment of soil carbon content-hyperspectral analysis-2010

    • Author(s)
      Xiaochun Zhi, Yoshio Inoue
    • Organizer
      日本リモートセンシング学会
    • Place of Presentation
      鹿児島市
    • Year and Date
      2010-11-09
    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Use of remote sensing in assessment of soil and ecosystem carbon status2010

    • Author(s)
      Yoshio Inoue
    • Organizer
      International Workshop on Evaluation and sustainable management of Soil Carbon Sequestration in Asian Countries
    • Place of Presentation
      インドネジア国ボゴール市
    • Year and Date
      2010-09-28
    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 作物生育・収量特性評価のためのマイクロ波計測[1]地球観測衛星によるイネ収量の直接推定の可能性2010

    • Author(s)
      井上吉雄, 境谷栄二, 伊藤久朗
    • Organizer
      日本作物学会
    • Place of Presentation
      札幌市
    • Year and Date
      2010-09-05
    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Hyperspectral assessment of canopy nitrogen content in rice-comparative analysis using multiple datasets-2010

    • Author(s)
      Yoshio Inoue, Yan Zhu, Eiji Sakaiya, Wataru Takahashi
    • Organizer
      IEEE International Geoscience & Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) 2010
    • Place of Presentation
      米国ホノルル市
    • Year and Date
      2010-07-27
    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 作物生育・収量特性評価のためのマイクロ波計測[1] 地球観測衛星によるイネ収量の直接推定の可能性2010

    • Author(s)
      井上吉雄, 境谷栄二, 伊藤久朗
    • Organizer
      日本作物学会
    • Place of Presentation
      札幌市
    • Year and Date
      2010-06-05
    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
  • [Book] Information Extraction from Spectral Data. An Introduction of Remote Sensing (日本リモートセンシング学会編)2013

    • Author(s)
      Inoue, Y
    • Total Pages
      300
    • Publisher
      理工図書
    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
  • [Book] An Introduction of Remote Sensing, 日本リモートセンシング学会編, 理工学社, ISBN978-4-8446-0779-32013

    • Author(s)
      Yoshio Inoue
    • Total Pages
      300
    • Publisher
      Information Extraction from Spectral Data.
    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
  • [Book] 基礎からわかるリモートセンシング (日本リモートセンシング学会編)2011

    • Author(s)
      井上吉雄
    • Total Pages
      320
    • Publisher
      理工図書
    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
  • [Book] Hyperspectral Remote Sensing of Vegetation (共著)2011

    • Author(s)
      Jiaguo Qi, Yoshio Inoue, Narumon Wiangwang
    • Total Pages
      500
    • Publisher
      CRS press
    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
  • [Book] 基礎からわかるリモートセンシング(共著)2011

    • Author(s)
      井上吉雄
    • Total Pages
      320
    • Publisher
      理工図書
    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
  • [Book] Hyperspectral Remote Sensing of Vegetation(共著)2011

    • Author(s)
      Jiaguo Qi, Yoshio Inoue, Narumon Wiangwang
    • Total Pages
      500
    • Publisher
      CRS press
    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report

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Published: 2010-08-23   Modified: 2019-07-29  

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