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Shallow water submarine hydrothermal activity: a case study in the assessment of ocean acidification and fertilization

Research Project

Project/Area Number 22403001
Research Category

Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)

Allocation TypeSingle-year Grants
Section海外学術
Research Field Environmental dynamic analysis
Research InstitutionUniversity of Toyama

Principal Investigator

ZHANG Jing  富山大学, 理工学研究部(理学), 教授 (20301822)

Co-Investigator(Kenkyū-buntansha) KUSAKABE Minoru  富山大学, 大学院・ 理工学研究部(理学), 客員教授 (20015770)
Co-Investigator(Renkei-kenkyūsha) ISHIBASHI Junichiro  九州大学, 理学研究科, 准教授 (20212920)
ISHIZAKA Joji  名古屋大学, 地球水循環研究センター, 教授 (40304969)
GUO Xinyu  愛媛大学, 沿岸環境科学研究センター, 准教授 (10322273)
Project Period (FY) 2010 – 2012
Project Status Completed (Fiscal Year 2012)
Budget Amount *help
¥17,940,000 (Direct Cost: ¥13,800,000、Indirect Cost: ¥4,140,000)
Fiscal Year 2012: ¥5,590,000 (Direct Cost: ¥4,300,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,290,000)
Fiscal Year 2011: ¥5,460,000 (Direct Cost: ¥4,200,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,260,000)
Fiscal Year 2010: ¥6,890,000 (Direct Cost: ¥5,300,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,590,000)
Keywords沿岸性海底熱水 / 海底湧水 / 海洋酸性化 / 海洋肥沃化 / 台湾亀山島 / 薩摩硫黄島
Research Abstract

Most natural Shallow Water submarine Hydrothermal activates (SWH) along coastlines are related to hydrothermal eruptions involving heating of groundwater with volcanic gas. These SWHs supply nutrients to the euphotic zone, contributing to the overall natural fertility and primary productivity of coastal waters. However, SWHs also disperse toxic materials such as mercury and arsenic, and affect the acidification. We evaluate the impact of "nutrient supply" and "ocean acidification" on the primary production over the last three years in a coastal marine environment, at a SWH area discovered off Gueshandao Island, northeast Taiwan. The two types of hydrothermal vents are differentiated by color, yellow hot spring water with higher temperature >110 °C ejected from sulfur chimneys of various sizes, and colorless water with lower temperature ~80 °C ejected directly from the crevices of the andesitic bedrock. The ratios N2/Ar and 3He/4He suggest that these volcanic gases are mantle-derived. Hydrothermal fluid with pH between 2.1-3.5 erupts from the vents and affects ocean surface waters up to 1 km way. Relative to normal seawater, water around the SHW site has higher concentrations of nutrients Si and P, and micro nutrients Mn and Fe. Chlorophyll a shows high values of several tens to hundreds times greater than normal. We find forthe first time in nature that SHW enhances the growth of phytoplankton and contributes to the primary productivity of the surrounding waters.

Report

(4 results)
  • 2012 Annual Research Report   Final Research Report ( PDF )
  • 2011 Annual Research Report
  • 2010 Annual Research Report
  • Research Products

    (59 results)

All 2013 2012 2011 2010 Other

All Journal Article (23 results) (of which Peer Reviewed: 23 results) Presentation (32 results) Book (2 results) Remarks (2 results)

  • [Journal Article] Temporal changes and impacts of submarine fresh groundwater discharge to the coastal environment: A decadal case study in Toyama Bay, Japan2013

    • Author(s)
      M. Hatta and J. Zhang
    • Journal Title

      J. Geophys. Res: Oceans

      Volume: 0

    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Development of an in situ sampler of submarine springs for the analysis of CFCs and SF62013

    • Author(s)
      Asai, K., Zhang, J., Asai, K., Mogi, K., Wilson, Y. F., and Mandal, A. K
    • Journal Title

      Geochem. J

    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Recovery of trace metal isotopes in seawater samples using multifunctional Neem (Azadirachta indica)biosorbent: a comparison with monofunctional NOBIAS-Chelate-PA1 resin2013

    • Author(s)
      Mst. S. Nahar and J. Zhang
    • Journal Title

      ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng

      Volume: 1(5) Pages: 488-495

    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Recovery of trace metal isotopes in seawater samples using multifunctional Neem (Azadirachta indica) biosorbent: a comparison with monofunctional NOBIAS-Chelate-PA1 resin2013

    • Author(s)
      Mst. S. Nahar and J. Zhang
    • Journal Title

      ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

      Volume: 0 Issue: 5 Pages: 488-495

    • DOI

      10.1021/sc3001433

    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Temporal changes and impacts of submarine fresh groundwater discharge to the coastal environment: A decadal case study in Toyama Bay, Japan.2013

    • Author(s)
      M. Hatta and J. Zhang
    • Journal Title

      J. Geophys. Res: Oceans

      Volume: 0 Issue: 5 Pages: 1-13

    • DOI

      10.1002/jgrc.20184

    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Linkages between submarine groundwater systems and the environment2012

    • Author(s)
      J. Zhang and A. K. Mandal
    • Journal Title

      Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability

      Volume: 4 Pages: 219-226

    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report 2011 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Impact of natural water chemistry on public drinking water in Japan2012

    • Author(s)
      Mst. S. Nahar and J. Zhang
    • Journal Title

      Environ. Earth Sci

      Volume: 69 (1) Pages: 127-140

    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Assessment of sources variation in potable water quality including organic, inorganic and trace metals, Environmental Geochemistry and Health2012

    • Author(s)
      Mst.S. Nahar and J. Zhang
    • Journal Title

      Environ. Geochem. Health

      Volume: 34 Pages: 141-150

    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Characteristics of the chemical composition of groundwater on Tanegashima, Yakushima, and Nakanoshima islands2012

    • Author(s)
      Agata, S., Ishiki, M., Sakihama, H., Tokuyama, A., Satake, H. and Zhang, J
    • Journal Title

      J. Groundwater Hydro

      Volume: 4(4) Pages: 191-206

    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Linkages between submarine groundwater systems and the environment.2012

    • Author(s)
      J. Zhang and A. K. Mandal
    • Journal Title

      Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability

      Volume: 4 Pages: 219-226

    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Stable isotopic and geochemical data for inferring sources of recharge and groundwater flow on the volcanic island of Rishiri2011

    • Author(s)
      A. K. Mandal, J. Zhang, and A. Kazuyoshi
    • Journal Title

      Japan, Applied Geochemistry

      Volume: 26 Pages: 1741-1751

    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Climate change and the future of freshwater resources of the island: A case study on the Rishri Island2011

    • Author(s)
      A. K. Mandal and J. Zhang
    • Journal Title

      Japan, Environmental Earth Sciences

      Volume: 66 Issue: 5 Pages: 1309-1319

    • DOI

      10.1007/s12665-011-1340-1

    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Concentration and distribution of organic and inorganic water pollutants in Eastern Shizuoka2011

    • Author(s)
      Mst. S. Nahar and J. Zhang
    • Journal Title

      Japan, Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry

      Volume: 93 Pages: 1946-1955

    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Isotopic characteristics of hydrogen and oxygen for groundwater of nansei islands2011

    • Author(s)
      S. Agata, H. Satake and J. Zhang
    • Journal Title

      Japan, Radioisotopes

      Volume: 60(5) Pages: 203-213

    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Determination of Nd isotopes in water: A chemical separation technique for extracting Nd from seawater using a chelating resin2011

    • Author(s)
      P.-O. Persson, P.-S. Andersson, J.Zhangand D. Porcelli
    • Journal Title

      Analytical Chemistry

      Volume: 83 Pages: 1336-1341

    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] S. Agata, Y. Ishizumi, M. Noto, D. Handa, T. Arakaki and J. Zhang2011

    • Author(s)
      S. Agata, Y. Ishizumi, M. Noto, D. Handa, T. Arakaki and J. Zhang
    • Journal Title

      J. speleo. Soc. Japan

      Volume: 36 Pages: 38-60

    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Stable isotopic and geochemical data for inferring sources of recharge and groundwater flow on the volcanic island of Rishiri, Japan2011

    • Author(s)
      Mandal A.K., Zhang, J., Kazuyoshi A.
    • Journal Title

      Applied Geochemistry

      Volume: 26 Pages: 1741-1751

    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Climate change and the future of freshwater resources of the island : A case study on the Rishri Island, Japan2011

    • Author(s)
      Mandal A.K., Zhang, J.
    • Journal Title

      Environmental Earth Sciences

    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Concentration and distribution of organic and inorganic water pollutants in Eastern Shizuoka, Japan2011

    • Author(s)
      M.S.Nahar, J.Zhang
    • Journal Title

      Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry

      Volume: 93 Pages: 1946-1955

    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Water chemistry associated with the Formation of Tufa along the Fumida River, Ishigaki Island2011

    • Author(s)
      S.Agata, Y.Ishizumi, M.Noto, D.Handa, t.Arakaki, J.Zhang
    • Journal Title

      J.speleo.Soc.Japan

      Volume: 36 Pages: 38-60

    • NAID

      10030568382

    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Determination of Nd isotopes in water : A chemical separation technique for extracting Nd from seawater using a chelating resin.2011

    • Author(s)
      Persson, P.-O., Andersson, P.-S., Zhang, J., Porcelli, D.
    • Journal Title

      Analytical Chemistry

      Volume: 83 Pages: 1336-1341

    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Assessment of sources variation in potable water quality including organic, inorganic and trace metals.2011

    • Author(s)
      Nahar, M.-S., Zhang, J.
    • Journal Title

      Environmental Geochemistry and Health

      Volume: (in press)

    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Isotopic characteristics of hydrogen and oxygen for groundwater of nansei islands, Japan2011

    • Author(s)
      Agata, S., Satake, H., Zhang J.
    • Journal Title

      Radioisotopes

      Volume: (in press)

    • NAID

      10028234428

    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Presentation] 亜表層クロロフィル極大層(SCM)の東シナ海全体の基礎生産に対する 寄与2013

    • Author(s)
      張勁,藤城義久
    • Organizer
      九州大学応用力学研究所共同利用研究集会 東シナ海の循環と混合に関する研究
    • Place of Presentation
      福岡
    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] Natural Sources and Thresholds of Taste and Health in H2-rich Drinking Water, Ninth International Conference on Environmental, Cultural, Economic and Social Sustainability, Conference, Jan2013

    • Author(s)
      Mst. S. Nahar and Zhang, J
    • Place of Presentation
      Hiroshima
    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] 亜表層クロロフィル極大層(SCM)の東シナ海全体の基礎生産に対する 寄与2013

    • Author(s)
      張勁・藤城義久
    • Organizer
      九州大学応用力学研究所共同利用研究集会 東シナ海の循環と混合に関する研 究
    • Place of Presentation
      福岡
    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 富山湾沿岸海底湧水の栄養塩供給による基礎生産への影響2012

    • Author(s)
      太田朋子, 張勁, 稲村修, 伊串祐紀, 藤島裕
    • Organizer
      2012年度日本海洋学会春季大会
    • Place of Presentation
      つくば
    • Year and Date
      2012-03-29
    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 国際GEOTRACES計画の動向2012

    • Author(s)
      張勁, 宗林由樹
    • Organizer
      2012年白鳳丸クリーン観測による微量元素・同位体研究の現状と展望(GEOTRACES計画)
    • Place of Presentation
      千葉
    • Year and Date
      2012-03-09
    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 最近10ケ年の東シナ海観測結果からみる低酸素水塊及びChl-max水塊の挙動2012

    • Author(s)
      張勁, 藤城義久, 松野健
    • Organizer
      東シナ海の循環と混合に関する研究,九州大学応用力学研究所共同利用研究集会
    • Place of Presentation
      福岡
    • Year and Date
      2012-02-05
    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Shallow water submarine hydrothermal activity - A case study in the assessment of ocean acidification and fertilization2012

    • Author(s)
      J. Zhang, K. Yoshida, T. Hagiwara, K. Nagao, M. Kusakabe, B.-J. Wang, C.-T. A Chen
    • Organizer
      2012 AGU Fall Meeting, Dec
    • Place of Presentation
      San Francisco
    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] Possible origins of nutrients in the bottom water on the outer shelf of East China Sea2012

    • Author(s)
      J. Zhang
    • Organizer
      The 6th Program of the East Asian Cooperative Experiments(PEACE) Ocean Science Workshop and the 9th Korea-Japan Workshop on Ocean Color (K JWOC)
    • Place of Presentation
      Nagoya
    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] An assessment of dissolved oxygen concentration in the East China Sea2012

    • Author(s)
      Y. Fujishiro, J. Zhang, T. Matsuno, J. Ishizaka
    • Organizer
      The 6th Program of the East Asian Cooperative Experiments(PEACE) Ocean Science Workshop and the 9thKorea-Japan Workshop on Ocean Color (K JWOC)
    • Place of Presentation
      Nagoya
    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] The relationship between nutrients in pore water and low dissolved oxygen concentration in bottom water in the East China Sea2012

    • Author(s)
      K. Jiang, J. Zhang
    • Organizer
      The 6th Program of the East Asian Cooperative Experiments(PEACE) Ocean Science Workshop and the 9thKorea-Japan Workshop on Ocean Color (K JWOC)
    • Place of Presentation
      Nagoya
    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] 最近 10 ヶ年の東シナ海現場観測結果からみる Chl.Max 水塊の分布と基礎生産の推定2012

    • Author(s)
      藤城義久,張勁,松野健,石坂丞二
    • Organizer
      2012 年度地球化学会年会
    • Place of Presentation
      福岡
    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] Global Nutrient and Carbon Fluxes and Linkages Between Submarine Groundwater Systems and the Environment2012

    • Author(s)
      J. Zhang, A. K. Mandal and MS. Nahar
    • Organizer
      2012 ASLO Aquatic Sciences Meeting
    • Place of Presentation
      Shiga
    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] Toxic Trace Metals Isotopes Sources: A Case Study from Natural Water Sources, Eastern Shizuoka2012

    • Author(s)
      Mst. S. Nahar and Zhang, J
    • Organizer
      Japan, WET 2012, Water and Environment Technology
    • Place of Presentation
      Tokyo
    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] 富山湾沿岸海底湧水の栄養塩供給による基礎生産への影響2012

    • Author(s)
      太田朋子,張勁,稲村修,伊串祐紀,藤島裕
    • Organizer
      2012 年度日本海洋学会春季大会
    • Place of Presentation
      つくば
    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] 国際 GEOTRACES 計画の動向, 2012 年白鳳丸クリーン観測による微量元素2012

    • Author(s)
      張勁,宗林由樹
    • Organizer
      同位体研究の現状と展望(GEOTRACES 計画)
    • Place of Presentation
      千葉
    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] 最近 10 ケ年の東シナ海観測結果からみる低酸素水塊及びChla-max 水塊の挙動, 東シナ海の循環と混合に関する研究2012

    • Author(s)
      張勁,藤城義久,松野健
    • Organizer
      九州大学応用力学研究所共同利用研究集会
    • Place of Presentation
      福岡
    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] Shallow water submarine hydrothermal activity - A case study in the assessment of ocean acidification and fertilization2012

    • Author(s)
      J. Zhang, K. Yoshida, T. Hagiwara, K. Nagao, M. Kusakabe, B.-J. Wang, C.-T. A Chen
    • Organizer
      2012 AGU Fall Meeting
    • Place of Presentation
      San Francisco
    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Global Nutrient and Carbon Fluxes and Linkages Between Submarine Groundwater Systems and the Environment.2012

    • Author(s)
      J. Zhang, A. K. Mandal and MS. Nahar
    • Organizer
      2012 ASLO Aquatic Sciences Meeting
    • Place of Presentation
      Otsu
    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 最近10ヶ年の東シナ海現場観測結果からみるChl.Max水塊の分布と基礎生産の推定2012

    • Author(s)
      藤城義久・張勁・松野健・石坂丞二
    • Organizer
      2012年度地球化学会年会
    • Place of Presentation
      福岡
    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Possible origins of nutrients in the bottom water on the outer shelf of East China Sea.2012

    • Author(s)
      J.Zhang
    • Organizer
      The 6th Program of the East Asian Cooperative Experiments(PEACE) Ocean Science Workshop and the 9th Korea-Japan Workshop on Ocean Color (K JWOC)
    • Place of Presentation
      Nagoya
    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] An assessment of dissolved oxygen concentration in the East China Sea2012

    • Author(s)
      Y. Fujishiro, J. Zhang, T. Matsuno, J.Ishizaka
    • Organizer
      The 6th Program of the East Asian Cooperative Experiments(PEACE) Ocean Science Workshop and the 9th Korea-Japan Workshop on Ocean Color (K JWOC)
    • Place of Presentation
      Nagoya
    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] The relationship between nutrients in pore water and low dissolved oxygen concentration in bottom water in the East China Sea2012

    • Author(s)
      K. Jiang, J. Zhang
    • Organizer
      The 6th Program of the East Asian Cooperative Experiments(PEACE) Ocean Science Workshop and the 9th Korea-Japan Workshop on Ocean Color (K JWOC)
    • Place of Presentation
      Nagoya
    • Related Report
      2012 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 富山湾沿岸海底湧水の基礎生産への寄与-片貝川扇状地におけるケーススタディー2011

    • Author(s)
      太田朋子, 張勁, 稲村修, 伊串祐紀
    • Organizer
      2011年度日本地球化学会年会
    • Place of Presentation
      札幌
    • Year and Date
      2011-09-16
    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 富士山麓湧水の水質について2011

    • Author(s)
      丹下佑芙子, 木下真孝, 成田尚史, 張勁
    • Organizer
      2011年度日本地球化学会年会
    • Place of Presentation
      札幌
    • Year and Date
      2011-09-16
    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 富山湾沿岸海底湧水の基礎生産への寄与 -片貝川扇状地におけるケーススタディー2011

    • Author(s)
      太田朋子,張勁,稲村修,伊串祐紀
    • Organizer
      2011 年度日本地球化学会年会
    • Place of Presentation
      札幌
    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] 富士山麓湧水の水質について2011

    • Author(s)
      丹下佑芙子,木下真孝,成田尚史,張勁
    • Organizer
      2011 年度日本地球化学会年会
    • Place of Presentation
      札幌
    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] Fluxes of trace elements in fresh submarine groundwater discharge in the coastal environment using the CM-PEHA resin preconcentration method2011

    • Author(s)
      J. Zhang., L.-L. Bai, and S. Kagaya
    • Organizer
      International Congress on Analytical Sciences 2011 (ICAS2011)
    • Place of Presentation
      Kyoto
    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report 2011 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Role of suspended sediments and bottom boundary layer: chemical and biological role of the suspended particles2011

    • Author(s)
      Zhang, J
    • Organizer
      Workshop on the vertical processes in the shelf region of the East China Sea
    • Place of Presentation
      RIAM, Kyushu University, Fukuoka
    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] Role of suspended sediments and bottom boundary layer : chemical and biological role of the suspended particles.2011

    • Author(s)
      Zhang, J.
    • Organizer
      Workshop on the vertical processes in the shelf region of the East China Sea
    • Place of Presentation
      RIAM, Kyushu University
    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] High-nutrient/low-salinity water in the East China Sea and its possible Source2010

    • Author(s)
      Zhang, J., Bai, L.-l., and Matsuno T
    • Organizer
      5th PEACE Workshop,2010
    • Place of Presentation
      Korea
    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] Assessment of Sources Variations in Potable Water Quality Model Including Organic, Inorganic and Trace Metals Constituents2010

    • Author(s)
      Mst. S. Nahar, J. Zhang
    • Organizer
      17thAsian symposium on eco-technology
    • Place of Presentation
      Kurobe
    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] High-nutrient/low-salinity water in the East China Sea and its possible Source.2010

    • Author(s)
      Zhang, J., Bai, L.-l., Matsuno T.
    • Organizer
      5th PEACE Workshop, 2010.
    • Place of Presentation
      Korea
    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
  • [Book] 海底湧水(Submarine groundwater discharge),「地球と宇宙の化学事典」2011

    • Author(s)
      張勁
    • Publisher
      朝倉書店
    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
  • [Book] 「地球と宇宙の化学事典」海底湧水(Submarine groundwater discharge)2011

    • Author(s)
      張勁
    • Publisher
      朝倉書店(印刷中)
    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
  • [Remarks] 番組紹介, 「水を追って」,「とやま水・文化の財団 Presents」,富山テレビ, 放送日:2012 年 3 月 24 日 16:27-16:54

    • Related Report
      2012 Final Research Report
  • [Remarks] 番組紹介「水を追って」,「とやま水・文化の財団Presents」,富山テレビ放送日:2012年3月24日16:27-16:54

    • Related Report
      2011 Annual Research Report

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Published: 2010-08-23   Modified: 2019-07-29  

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