| Budget Amount *help |
¥2,990,000 (Direct Cost: ¥2,300,000、Indirect Cost: ¥690,000)
Fiscal Year 2012: ¥780,000 (Direct Cost: ¥600,000、Indirect Cost: ¥180,000)
Fiscal Year 2011: ¥780,000 (Direct Cost: ¥600,000、Indirect Cost: ¥180,000)
Fiscal Year 2010: ¥1,430,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,100,000、Indirect Cost: ¥330,000)
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| Research Abstract |
In this study, we first demonstrate that the American principle of standards of scrutiny and German proportionality analysis involve very similar thought processes in that both incorporate the idea of rights as shields as their core and assess the extent of rights infringement and the relative necessity of such infringement for realizing governmental interests. Secondly, we show that this conception of rights as a shield should be complemented with one of rights as a trump card againstcertain kinds of justifications invoked by governments.
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