| Budget Amount *help |
¥4,030,000 (Direct Cost: ¥3,100,000、Indirect Cost: ¥930,000)
Fiscal Year 2014: ¥910,000 (Direct Cost: ¥700,000、Indirect Cost: ¥210,000)
Fiscal Year 2013: ¥780,000 (Direct Cost: ¥600,000、Indirect Cost: ¥180,000)
Fiscal Year 2012: ¥780,000 (Direct Cost: ¥600,000、Indirect Cost: ¥180,000)
Fiscal Year 2011: ¥780,000 (Direct Cost: ¥600,000、Indirect Cost: ¥180,000)
Fiscal Year 2010: ¥780,000 (Direct Cost: ¥600,000、Indirect Cost: ¥180,000)
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| Outline of Final Research Achievements |
Based on the Kyoto Protocol coming into force on the 16th February 2005, the EU established EU ETS by issuing the Emissions Trading Directive.
The U.K. and Germany as its Member States implemented the Directive. Germany allowed operators of installations to form a pool of installations, which implied a potential conflict with competition laws. Thus, the formation was prohibited after the conclusion of the second phase by the amendment of the Directive of April 2009.
International Emissions Trading, on the other hand, has not taken place, so far. When disputes surrounding International Emissions Trading would be brought to the Dispute Settlement Body of the WTO, General Exceptions of the GATT Article XX or GATS Article XIV would probably be applied to justify illegal restrictions on trades in emission allowances.
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