| Budget Amount *help |
¥15,080,000 (Direct Cost: ¥11,600,000、Indirect Cost: ¥3,480,000)
Fiscal Year 2013: ¥1,820,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,400,000、Indirect Cost: ¥420,000)
Fiscal Year 2012: ¥4,160,000 (Direct Cost: ¥3,200,000、Indirect Cost: ¥960,000)
Fiscal Year 2011: ¥3,770,000 (Direct Cost: ¥2,900,000、Indirect Cost: ¥870,000)
Fiscal Year 2010: ¥5,330,000 (Direct Cost: ¥4,100,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,230,000)
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| Research Abstract |
The present study examined biological characteristics of anchovy and sardine mainly through spawning habitat analysis, to clarify biological mechanisms of species alternations, that is, the out-of-phase population oscillations between anchovy and sardine in response to climate changes. (1) Historical changes in spawning habitat at large spatial and temporal scales were described. (2) Mechanisms of spawning habitat formation at small spatial and temporal scales were understood. (3) Spawning responses to physical and biological factors were compared among the Kuroshio, California, and Humboldt Current systems. The spawning responses were dramatically different between the opposite sides of the Pacific, indicating that the biological characteristics are species-specific rather than genus-specific. (4) Growth-survival relationships during the early life stages of fish were reviewed to incorporate the biological characteristics into bioenergetics models in the future.
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