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Origin of an extra-large metallic core of Mercury and M-type asteroids inferred from differentiation process between iron and rock at the region of terrestrial planets

Research Project

Project/Area Number 22H00179
Research Category

Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A)

Allocation TypeSingle-year Grants
Section一般
Review Section Medium-sized Section 17:Earth and planetary science and related fields
Research InstitutionKobe University

Principal Investigator

荒川 政彦  神戸大学, 理学研究科, 教授 (10222738)

Co-Investigator(Kenkyū-buntansha) 長谷川 直  国立研究開発法人宇宙航空研究開発機構, 宇宙科学研究所, 主任研究開発員 (10399553)
小林 浩  名古屋大学, 理学研究科, 准教授 (40422761)
保井 みなみ  神戸大学, 理学研究科, 講師 (30583843)
白井 慶  神戸大学, 理学研究科, 技術員 (90870519)
Project Period (FY) 2022-04-01 – 2026-03-31
Project Status Granted (Fiscal Year 2025)
Budget Amount *help
¥42,510,000 (Direct Cost: ¥32,700,000、Indirect Cost: ¥9,810,000)
Fiscal Year 2025: ¥7,800,000 (Direct Cost: ¥6,000,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,800,000)
Fiscal Year 2024: ¥7,800,000 (Direct Cost: ¥6,000,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,800,000)
Fiscal Year 2023: ¥7,800,000 (Direct Cost: ¥6,000,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,800,000)
Fiscal Year 2022: ¥19,110,000 (Direct Cost: ¥14,700,000、Indirect Cost: ¥4,410,000)
Keywords鉄隕石母天体 / 天体衝突 / 水星コア / M型小惑星 / 惑星形成過程 / 分化溶融微惑星 / 鉄隕石 / 水星核 / 衝突破壊強度 / カタストロフィック破壊 / フラッシュX線
Outline of Research at the Start

M型小惑星は鉄隕石の母天体であり、熱進化により内部が融解・分化した微惑星を起源とする。しかしながら、小惑星帯にはこの分化微惑星の岩石マントルに対応する小惑星がほとんど見つかっておらず「失われたマントル問題」と言われる。本研究は、地球型惑星領域の惑星形成期に存在した分化溶融微惑星に着目し、室内実験と数値計算からその衝突破壊と破片の重力再集積により形成されるラブルパイル天体の鉄・岩石比率を調べる。さらにこのラブルパイル天体の衝突寿命の鉄・岩石比率依存性と衝突後形成される微小天体のサイズ頻度分布の時間進化を実験・理論から調べる。その結果、M型小惑星や水星の巨大金属コアの起源について検討する。

Outline of Annual Research Achievements

今年度は、昨年度に引き続き鉄・岩石ラブルパイル天体の衝突破壊実験を継続した。模擬標的は、直径10mmの鉄球、もしくは、ガラス球を32個、最密充填となるように瞬間接着剤で固着して作成した。衝突実験は、10mmのナイロン球、もしくは、直径7mmのポリカーボネート球を20 m/s - 1960 m/s まで加速し、標的に正面衝突させて実施した。衝突実験の様子は、2台の同期した高速カメラによりステレオ撮影し、個々の構成球の軌跡を解析し、衝突直後の初期速度を計測した。実験では、構成球が持つ速度とその速度より遅い速度の構成球の積算質量との関係から、標的質量の半分がその速度よりも遅くなる速度(中間速度)を求めた。この中間速度とエネルギー密度との関係を鉄及び岩石標的で調べたところ、鉄標的の中間速度は、岩石標的の約半分となることが分かった。この中間速度とラブルパイル天体の脱出速度を比較することで、重力支配域における衝突破壊強度を見積もることができるが、鉄ラブルパイル天体は、岩石ラブルパイル天体より衝突破壊強度が大きく、衝突寿命も長いことが推定された。
また、分化溶融微惑星の衝突破壊の模擬実験を行うために、球状のコア・マントル二層球標的に対する衝突破壊実験を行った。今年度は、固体の金属コアを持つ二層球標的に対する実験を実施した。標的には金属コアとしてビスマス系合金、岩石マントルとして石膏モルタルを用いた。衝突実験は、直径7mm、もしくは、直径4.7mmのポリカーボネート球を弾丸として用い、衝突速度 2 - 6 km/s の範囲で行った。今回の実験範囲内では、マントルはカタストロフィックに破壊したが、固体コアの破壊は見られなかった。さらに、液体金属コアを持つ層構造試料の衝突破壊実験を行うために、同じ試料を加熱して金属コアを融解させる加熱条件を調べた。

Current Status of Research Progress
Current Status of Research Progress

2: Research has progressed on the whole more than it was originally planned.

Reason

鉄ラブルパイル天体の模擬標的を用いた衝突実験は一通り終了し、その結果、鉄ラブルパイル天体の重力支配域での衝突破壊強度を推定することが可能となった。それによれは、鉄ラブルパイル天体は、岩石ラブルパイル天体よりも衝突寿命が長いことが明らかになった。また、分化溶融微惑星の模擬標的の作成方法を確立した。この標的は、低融点のビスマス系合金を金属コアとして用い、石膏モルタルを岩石マントルとして用いている。この標的を用いて、金属コアが固体の場合の衝突実験を系統的に行い、初期結果を得ている。さらに、フラッシュX線を用いた金属コア・岩石マントル標的の破壊の観察にも成功している。そして、この層構造標的との比較のために、金属コアだけ、もしくは、岩石マントルだけの均質標的の衝突破壊実験も実施し、それぞれの衝突破壊強度を決めた。来年度に向けて、溶融コアを模擬するために、金属コア・岩石マントル標的を加熱して、コアの溶融条件を調べた。その結果、コアの溶融状態で保ったままで衝突破壊実験を行うことが充分可能であることが分かった。

Strategy for Future Research Activity

最終年度は、分化溶融微惑星を模擬した標的の衝突破壊実験を重点的に実施する。昨年度、金属コア・岩石マントル模擬標的において、金属コアを溶融したまま衝突破壊実験を行う加熱条件を決める事ができたので、この手法を実際の衝突実験に応用する。加熱用ハロゲンランプもしくは恒温槽で200℃程度に事前加熱した標的は、室内では5分以上コアが融解した状態を保っている。そこで、事前加熱した標的を実験用チャンバー内に素早く設置し、真空断熱することで、融けたコアを持つ標的の衝突破壊実験を可能とする。この実験手法を確立した上で、溶融コア・マントル標的の衝突破壊実験を宇宙研で実施し、その様子をフラッシュX線を用いて撮影する。
これまでの室内実験の結果と分化溶融微惑星の衝突破壊に関する数値シミュレーション、及び、星雲ガス中での微惑星の衝突集積に関する理論的研究を総合することで、内惑星領域における岩石と金属の機械的分別作用に関する検討を行う。そして、M型小惑星の起源や分化小惑星の失われたマントル問題、さらには水星の巨大金属コアに関する議論を進める。

Report

(4 results)
  • 2024 Annual Research Report
  • 2023 Annual Research Report
  • 2022 Comments on the Screening Results   Annual Research Report
  • Research Products

    (44 results)

All 2025 2024 2023 2022

All Journal Article (17 results) (of which Int'l Joint Research: 7 results,  Peer Reviewed: 17 results,  Open Access: 14 results) Presentation (27 results) (of which Int'l Joint Research: 21 results,  Invited: 2 results)

  • [Journal Article] Impact strength of cm-to-decimeter scale weak porous targets: Implication for lifetime of boulders on asteroids2025

    • Author(s)
      Horikawa Kazuhiro、Arakawa Masahiko、Yasui Minami、Hasegawa Sunao
    • Journal Title

      Icarus

      Volume: 429 Pages: 116449-116449

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.icarus.2024.116449

    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Simultaneous geometric calibration and orbit-attitude determination of Hayabusa2's deployable camera (DCAM3)2024

    • Author(s)
      Kikuchi S.、Shirai K.、Ishibashi K.、Wada K. et al.
    • Journal Title

      Advances in Space Research

      Volume: - Issue: 2 Pages: 899-936

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.asr.2024.04.057

    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] High-velocity oblique impact experiments on ice and snow spheres: Implications for the collisional evolution of icy planetesimals at different thermal evolution stages2024

    • Author(s)
      Masato Nakamura, Minami Yasui (corresponding author), Masahiko Arakawa
    • Journal Title

      Icarus

      Volume: 413 Pages: 116010-116010

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.icarus.2024.116010

    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Formation of planetary atmospheres2024

    • Author(s)
      Miyayama Ryushi、Kobayashi Hiroshi
    • Journal Title

      Astronomy & Astrophysics

      Volume: 688 Pages: A103-A103

    • DOI

      10.1051/0004-6361/202450177

    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Frequencies of Warm Debris Disks Based on Point Source Catalogs of Spitzer, WISE, and Gaia2024

    • Author(s)
      Mizuki Toshiyuki、Momose Munetake、Aizawa Masataka、Kobayashi Hiroshi
    • Journal Title

      The Astronomical Journal

      Volume: 167 Issue: 6 Pages: 275-275

    • DOI

      10.3847/1538-3881/ad3df8

    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Preservation of pristine materials under impact craters formed on comet nuclei2024

    • Author(s)
      Sasai Haruka、Arakawa Masahiko、Yasui Minami、Shirai Kei
    • Journal Title

      Icarus

      Volume: 411 Pages: 115929-115929

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.icarus.2023.115929

    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Low-velocity impact experiments of porous ice balls simulating Saturn's ring particles: Porosity dependence of restitution coefficients and the mechanism of inelastic collision2024

    • Author(s)
      Toyoda Yukari M.、Arakawa Masahiko、Yasui Minami
    • Journal Title

      Icarus

      Volume: 411 Pages: 115964-115964

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.icarus.2024.115964

    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Candidate Main-belt Asteroids for Surface Heterogeneity2024

    • Author(s)
      Hasegawa Sunao、Marsset Micha?l、DeMeo Francesca E.、Hanu? Josef、Binzel Richard P.、Bus Schelte J.、Burt Brian、Polishook David、Thomas Cristina A.、Geem Jooyeon、Ishiguro Masateru、Kuroda Daisuke、Vernazza Pierre
    • Journal Title

      The Astronomical Journal

      Volume: 167 Issue: 5 Pages: 224-224

    • DOI

      10.3847/1538-3881/ad3045

    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Sticking of Fine Particles in High-velocity Impact: Application to Size Distribution of Dust Grains in a Debris Disk2024

    • Author(s)
      Toshihiko Kadono, Hiroshi Kobayashi, and Mitsuru Yokoyama
    • Journal Title

      The Astrophysical Journal

      Volume: 960 Issue: 1 Pages: 38-38

    • DOI

      10.3847/1538-4357/acfee6

    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Exploration-Based Reconstruction of Planetesimals2023

    • Author(s)
      Watanabe, S., Arakawa, M., Hirabayashi, M., Sugita, S., Bottke, W. F., Michel, P.
    • Journal Title

      Protostars and Planets VII, In Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series

      Volume: 534 Pages: 993-1029

    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] A weak and active surface of Bennu2022

    • Author(s)
      Arakawa Masahiko
    • Journal Title

      Nature Geoscience

      Volume: 15 Issue: 6 Pages: 430-431

    • DOI

      10.1038/s41561-022-00949-8

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Cratering Experiments on Granular Targets With a Variety of Particle Sizes: Implications for Craters on Rubble‐Pile Asteroids2022

    • Author(s)
      Yasui M., Arakawa M., Okawa H., Hasegawa S.
    • Journal Title

      Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets

      Volume: 127 Issue: 8

    • DOI

      10.1029/2021je007172

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Effect of projectile shape and interior structure on crater size in strength regime2022

    • Author(s)
      Kadono T.、Arakawa M.、Tsujido S.、Yasui M.、Hasegawa S.、Kurosawa K.、Shirai K.、Okamoto C.、Ogawa K.、Iijima Y.、Shimaki Y.、Wada K.
    • Journal Title

      Earth, Planets and Space

      Volume: 74 Issue: 1 Pages: 131-131

    • DOI

      10.1186/s40623-022-01690-7

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Particle size distributions inside and around the artificial crater produced by the Hayabusa2 impact experiment on Ryugu2022

    • Author(s)
      Ogawa K.、Sakatani N.、Kadono T.、Arakawa M.、Honda R.、Wada K.、et al.
    • Journal Title

      Earth, Planets and Space

      Volume: 74 Issue: 1 Pages: 153-153

    • DOI

      10.1186/s40623-022-01713-3

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Effect of boulder size on ejecta velocity scaling law for cratering and its implication for formation of tiny asteroids2022

    • Author(s)
      Okawa Hatsune、Arakawa Masahiko、Yasui Minami、Hasegawa Sunao、Toda Mizuno、Shirai Kei、Yamamoto Yuya
    • Journal Title

      Icarus

      Volume: 387 Pages: 115212-115212

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.icarus.2022.115212

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Constraining surface properties of asteroid (162173) Ryugu from numerical simulations of Hayabusa2 mission impact experiment2022

    • Author(s)
      Jutzi Martin、Raducan Sabina D.、Zhang Yun、Michel Patrick、Arakawa Masahiko
    • Journal Title

      Nature Communications

      Volume: 13 Issue: 1 Pages: 7134-7134

    • DOI

      10.1038/s41467-022-34540-x

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] The Appearance of a “Fresh” Surface on 596 Scheila as a Consequence of the 2010 Impact Event2022

    • Author(s)
      Hasegawa Sunao、Marsset Michael、DeMeo Francesca E.、Bus Schelte J.、Ishiguro Masateru、Kuroda Daisuke、Binzel Richard P.、Hanus Josef、Nakamura Akiko M.、Yang Bin、Vernazza Pierre
    • Journal Title

      The Astrophysical Journal Letters

      Volume: 924 Issue: 1 Pages: L9-L9

    • DOI

      10.3847/2041-8213/ac415a

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Collisional Disruption of Core-Mantle Bodies Simulating Differentiated Planetesimals with Molted or Solid Cores2025

    • Author(s)
      Sasai H.,Hayashi S.,Kurosaki,K. Hasegawa,S. Arakawa M.
    • Organizer
      56th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference
    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Experimental Study on Impact Crater Formed on Icy Crust Covering Subsurface Ocean2025

    • Author(s)
      R. Kikukawa,M. Yasui,Y. M. Toyoda,H. Sasai,K. Shirai,S. Ishii,M. Arakawa
    • Organizer
      56th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference
    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Low-Velocity Impact Simulations on a Granular Material Based on an Effective Elastic Model Composed of a Random Packing of Spheres2025

    • Author(s)
      Kurosaki K.,Arakawa M.,Yasui M.
    • Organizer
      56th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference
    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Ejection Angles during Hypervelocity Impacts on Flat and Spherical Targets Investigated with Hydrocode Simulations2024

    • Author(s)
      Kenji Kurosaki,Kosuke Kurosawa,Masahiko Arakawa
    • Organizer
      17th Hypervelocity Impact Symposium
    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] 鉄・岩石ラブルパイル天体模擬試料へ衝突破壊実験及び三次元軌道解析2024

    • Author(s)
      松阪竜希,荒川政彦,保井みなみ,白井慶,横田優作,笹井遥,宇都宮忠勝
    • Organizer
      日本惑星科学会2024年秋季講演会
    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 氷天体上の高速斜め衝突により発生する ホットスプリング2024

    • Author(s)
      笹井 遥,荒川政彦,保井みなみ,長谷川直
    • Organizer
      日本惑星科学会2024年秋季講演会
    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 内海を覆う氷地殻上のクレーター形成実験2024

    • Author(s)
      菊川涼介,荒川政彦,保井みなみ,豊田優佳里,笹井遥,白井慶,石井竣基
    • Organizer
      日本惑星科学会2024年秋季講演会
    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 鉄・岩石ラブルパイル天体の再集積過程に関する実験的研究2024

    • Author(s)
      松阪 竜希,荒川 政彦,保井 みなみ,白井 慶,横田 優作
    • Organizer
      JpGU2024
    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Ejection velocities and angles during kinetic impact events on flat and spherical targets investigated with hydrocode simulation2024

    • Author(s)
      黒崎 健二,黒澤 耕介,荒川 政彦
    • Organizer
      JpGU2024
    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 氷天体上の高速斜め衝突により発生するクレーター内のホットスプリング2024

    • Author(s)
      笹井 遥,荒川 政彦,保井 みなみ,長谷川 直
    • Organizer
      JpGU2024
    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Intrinsic spectral variation among C-type bright boulders on Ryugu revealed from observations of the artificial crater2024

    • Author(s)
      Sugita, S.
    • Organizer
      55th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2024
    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Re-accretion process after the catastrophic disruption event on a differentiated asteroid2024

    • Author(s)
      Kurosaki, K.
    • Organizer
      55th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2024
    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] High-velocity oblique impact may form a hot spring on a crater floor of icy bodies2024

    • Author(s)
      Sasai, Haruka
    • Organizer
      55th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2024
    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Impact Experiments on Cohesive Layer Covered with Regolith Layer: Effects of Granular Layer Thickness and Bedrock Strength on Crater Morphology2023

    • Author(s)
      Reia Kakinoki
    • Organizer
      American Geophysical Union (AGU) Fall Meeting 2023
    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Impact Cratering Experiments on Wet Sand: Crater Formation Mechanism of Secondary Craters on Mars2023

    • Author(s)
      Haruna Toyoshima
    • Organizer
      American Geophysical Union (AGU) Fall Meeting 2023
    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Impact experiments on ice spherical targets simulating icy planetesimals at various thermal evolution stages2023

    • Author(s)
      Minami Yasui
    • Organizer
      American Geophysical Union (AGU) Fall Meeting 2023
    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Effects of Impact Heating on Porous Icy Bodies Like Comets2023

    • Author(s)
      Haruka Sasai
    • Organizer
      15th International Conference on the Physics and Chemistry of Ice
    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Impact strength of porous icy bodies in high-velocity oblique collision: Implication for catastrophic disruption of Kuiper belt objects in outer solar system2023

    • Author(s)
      Minami Yasui
    • Organizer
      15th International Conference on the Physics and Chemistry of Ice
    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Experimental study on collisional disruption of differentiated icy planetesimals2023

    • Author(s)
      Shunki Ishii
    • Organizer
      15th International Conference on the Physics and Chemistry of Ice
    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Exploration-Based Reconstruction of Planetesimals2023

    • Author(s)
      Arakawa, M.
    • Organizer
      Protostars and Planets VII, Kyoto International Conference Center
    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] Impact experiments for crater size scaling laws on rubble-pike asteroids2023

    • Author(s)
      Yamamoto, Y.
    • Organizer
      54th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2023)
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Collisional stripping of,he rock mantle on,he,differentiated asteroid2023

    • Author(s)
      Kurosaki, K.
    • Organizer
      54th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2023)
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Low-velocity impact experiments of porous ice ball simulating Saturn’s ring particle: Porosity dependence of restitution coefficients and the mechanism of inelastic collision2023

    • Author(s)
      Toyoda, Y.
    • Organizer
      54th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2023)
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Experimental studies on crater scaling law applicable to undulating surfaces and crater collapse2023

    • Author(s)
      Yokota, Y.
    • Organizer
      54th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2023)
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Post shock heat induced by high-velocity oblique impacts on porous icy bodies2023

    • Author(s)
      Sasai, H.
    • Organizer
      54th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2023)
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] High-velocity oblique impact experiments on wet sand targets simulating habitable planets2023

    • Author(s)
      Toyoshima, H.
    • Organizer
      54th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2023)
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Lessons Learned from Hayabusa II at Ryugu: Implications for the Regolith and Cohesion Properties for the Surface of Apophis2022

    • Author(s)
      Masahiko Arakawa
    • Organizer
      Apophis T-7 Years: Knowledge Opportunities for the Science of Planetary Defense
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited

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Published: 2022-04-19   Modified: 2025-12-26  

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