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Ultimate photonic integration of LiDAR

Research Project

Project/Area Number 22H00299
Research Category

Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A)

Allocation TypeSingle-year Grants
Section一般
Review Section Medium-sized Section 30:Applied physics and engineering and related fields
Research InstitutionYokohama National University

Principal Investigator

馬場 俊彦  横浜国立大学, 大学院工学研究院, 教授 (50202271)

Project Period (FY) 2022-04-01 – 2025-03-31
Project Status Granted (Fiscal Year 2024)
Budget Amount *help
¥42,770,000 (Direct Cost: ¥32,900,000、Indirect Cost: ¥9,870,000)
Fiscal Year 2024: ¥9,360,000 (Direct Cost: ¥7,200,000、Indirect Cost: ¥2,160,000)
Fiscal Year 2023: ¥15,210,000 (Direct Cost: ¥11,700,000、Indirect Cost: ¥3,510,000)
Fiscal Year 2022: ¥18,200,000 (Direct Cost: ¥14,000,000、Indirect Cost: ¥4,200,000)
KeywordsLiDAR / FMCW / シリコンフォトニクス / スローライト / ライダ / フォトニック結晶 / 光集積
Outline of Research at the Start

初年度はLiDARチップの内部損失低減とチャネル数増大による高感度・高速・高解像度化をはかる.また,環境光耐性や振動耐性を評価する.
2年目は波長多重方式を導入して,動作の並列化をはかる.その方法の一つとして光周波数コムを検討し,そのオンチップ集積を図る.可能であればデュアルコムによる信号検出の高速化をはかる.
3年目は以上の技術を総合して,アンビエンスセンシングの様々な応用を開発する.

Outline of Annual Research Achievements

これまでのLiDARチップは,測距信号のS/Nが小さく抑えられていた.この主な原因は,入力光パワーを5dBm以上に上げたときに発生する原因不明の背景ノイズにあった.今年度,本LiDARの測距方式に必要となる周波数変調光の生成に,従来の外部変調ではなく,半導体レーザの直接変調を試したところ,このノイズがなくなることを発見した.これは外部変調の際に周期の切れ目で起こる位相の跳びが原因と思われた.いずれにせよ,入力パワーを上げることでS/Nが向上できるようになったため,シリコンの非線形吸収に起因した破壊パワーに近い17dBmの光を導入したところ,初めてランバート散乱体の点群画像取得に成功した.もしこの破壊パワーをさらに引き上げることができれば,LiDARをさらに高性能化できる.そこで,光の入射端面に,非線形吸収が起こらないSiNを導入すること考えた.既に昨年度,これを計画し,テストチップを設計,製作を開始した.昨年度に完成する予定だったが,ファブの装置故障の関係で今年度にずれ込んだ.今年度にこれが完成したので,試験を行った結果,入力パワーを最大1Wまで引き上げても,SiNは十分な耐性を示した.一方で,SiNからSiに光結合させると,Siの破壊強度でその手前にあるSiNが全て損傷するという現象が観測された.これはファイバヒューズと同様の破壊現象と思われる.興味深く,今後,詳細に調査する予定であるが,SiNからすぐにSiに導入すると,いずれにしても破壊が起こることがわかったので,SiNの範囲で,ある程度の機能を集積する必要があることがわかった.具体的には,LiDARの送信と受信を仕分けるカプラまでをSiNで製作することが考えられる.これにより破壊パワーを少なくとも2倍向上させることができ,LiDARの性能をその分,高めることができる見通しを得た.

Current Status of Research Progress
Current Status of Research Progress

2: Research has progressed on the whole more than it was originally planned.

Reason

当初,LiDARの背景ノイズを抑制するために,光回路の構成を変えて,バランス検出によってノイズを相殺することが有効と考え,実際にそれを製作・評価した.そして実際にノイズの抑制効果を確認したが,これは温度揺らぎに敏感で,熱光学効果を用いるLiDARチップでは,ノイズ抑制の揺らぎもかなり大きいことがわかった.これを何とか改善しようと研究している一方で,従来の外部変調をやめて,半導体レーザの直接変調に変更する研究も同時に進めていた.これは半導体レーザの電流をわずかに変えることで,熱光学効果とキャリアプラズマ効果により屈折率が変わり,波長が変化することを応用した周波数変調である.ただし電流を注意深く調整しないと,周波数変調が直線的にならず,LiDARの測距信号が著しく低下するという課題があった.これに対して機械学習などを用いて調整する方法がUCバークレーより報告されていたが,本研究では単純に信号の時間波形を読み取り,その周期が一定になるようにフィードバックを掛ける方法を試したところ,これが想定以上に機能した.そして,これを用いたLiDAR動作を試したところ,問題となっていたノイズが完全に解消されることがわかった.これは本LiDARの長年の問題を解決する非常に重要な成果であり,実際,散乱体の点群画像を普通に取得することができるようになって,LiDARの完成度が高まった.また,SiNを導入することで入力パワーをさらに高める試みも進んでいる.実際,シリコンの10倍以上の耐パワー性が確認された.ただしSiNとシリコンを組み合わせると問題が出るというのは報告例のない新たな課題であり,物理的にも興味深いので,今後,探求し,その回避法や利用法を検討していく.

Strategy for Future Research Activity

昨年度は光周波数領域リフレクトメトリ法を導入し,製作したLiDARチップ内部の光学反射点分布を可視化することに初めて成功した.その結果,光ビームを出射するスローライト回折格子につながる光スイッチで想定の5倍の損失が見積もられた.これは送受信往復で10dBとなるので深刻である.このスイッチに使われているカプラの寸法ずれが原因と考えられたので,次回試作では進化計算を用いてロバスト性を高めた新設計のカプラを導入する.また,スローライト回折格子にもトポロジカル最適化し,従来,懸案となっていたSiO2クラッド内に閉じ込められて外に取り出すことができない光の成分を抑制することを目指す.これがうまくいけば,送受信往復で6dBの損失低減が図れる.もう一つはコリメート用レンズの改善である.スローライト回折格子を長尺化すると,受信効率が12dB改善されることがこれまでの研究で分かっていたが,一方で長尺化に伴うコリメート効率の低下が問題となっていた.本年度はいままでの2枚組レンズを新たに設計して長尺化に伴うコリメート条件のずれを相殺することを目指す.以上の3つの改善により,トータルで30dB近い改善が見込まれる.これが実現できれば,本年度に実現した近距離でのランバート散乱体のセンシングを,数10m~100m以上に延伸することができ,性能が一気に実用レベルとなる.これらに加えて,スローライト回折格子は波長掃引によって広角にビームを走査し,なおかつそれを周波数変調光として用いることで,そのまま測距が行える.これによって,デバイス構成が大幅に簡単化することが期待される.そのような高速波長掃引光源を入手し,実証を併せて目指す予定である.

Report

(3 results)
  • 2023 Annual Research Report
  • 2022 Comments on the Screening Results   Annual Research Report
  • Research Products

    (43 results)

All 2024 2023 2022 Other

All Journal Article (8 results) (of which Peer Reviewed: 6 results,  Open Access: 4 results) Presentation (34 results) (of which Int'l Joint Research: 34 results,  Invited: 14 results) Remarks (1 results)

  • [Journal Article] Ambient light immunity of a frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) LiDAR chip2024

    • Author(s)
      Kamata Mikiya、Tamanuki Takemasa、Kubota Riku、Baba Toshihiko
    • Journal Title

      Optics Express

      Volume: 32 Issue: 3 Pages: 3997-3997

    • DOI

      10.1364/oe.515140

    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] High-efficiency upward radiation in a slow-light grating beam scanner2023

    • Author(s)
      Saneyuki Suyama and Toshihiko Baba
    • Journal Title

      Optics Express

      Volume: 31 Issue: 13 Pages: 22170-22178

    • DOI

      10.1364/oe.493704

    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] OFDR analysis of Si photonics FMCW LiDAR chip2023

    • Author(s)
      Kamata Mikiya、Baba Toshihiko
    • Journal Title

      Optics Express

      Volume: 31 Issue: 15 Pages: 25245-25245

    • DOI

      10.1364/oe.494105

    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] シリコンフォトニクスを用いた超小型ライダー2023

    • Author(s)
      馬場俊彦
    • Journal Title

      光技術コンタクト

      Volume: 61 Pages: 11-19

    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] ビームスキャン型FMCWライダのワンチップ化2023

    • Author(s)
      馬場俊彦
    • Journal Title

      電子情報通信学会誌

      Volume: 106 Pages: 136-142

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Silicon Photonics FMCW LiDAR Chip With a Slow-Light Grating Beam Scanner2022

    • Author(s)
      Baba Toshihiko、Tamanuki Takemasa、Ito Hiroyuki、Kamata Mikiya、Tetsuya Ryo、Suyama Saneyuki、Abe Hiroshi、Kurahashi Ryo
    • Journal Title

      IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics

      Volume: 28 Issue: 5: Lidars and Photonic Radars Pages: 8300208-8300208

    • DOI

      10.1109/jstqe.2022.3157824

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Step-like beam scanning in slow-light grating beam scanner for FMCW LiDAR2022

    • Author(s)
      J. Gondo, T. Tamanuki, R. Tetsuya, M. Kamata, H. Ito, T. Baba
    • Journal Title

      Optics Letters

      Volume: 47 Issue: 20 Pages: 5341-5343

    • DOI

      10.1364/ol.461112

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] スローライトLiDAR2022

    • Author(s)
      馬場俊彦
    • Journal Title

      オプトロニクス

      Volume: 41 Pages: 71-75

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Realtime Si photonics nonmechanical FMCW LiDAR with SLG beam scanner and enhanced k-clock sampling2023

    • Author(s)
      S. Yamazaki, T. Tamanuki, R. Kubota, and T. Baba
    • Organizer
      Conference on Laser and Electro-Optics
    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] OFDR analysis of Si photonics FMCW LiDAR2023

    • Author(s)
      M. Kamata and T. Baba
    • Organizer
      Optoelectronic and Commun. Conference
    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Ambient light tolerance of Si photonics FMCW LiDAR2023

    • Author(s)
      M. Kamata and T. Baba
    • Organizer
      Optoelectronic and Commun. Conference
    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Development of on-chip LiDAR with Si photonics platform2023

    • Author(s)
      T. Baba
    • Organizer
      Asia-Europe Silicon Photonics Symposium and Course
    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] On-chip FMCW LiDAR with Si photonics and slow light grating2023

    • Author(s)
      T. Baba
    • Organizer
      Asia Pacific Laser Symposium
    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] OFDR analysis of Si photonics components2023

    • Author(s)
      S. Nawa, M. Kamata, M. Ando, and T. Baba
    • Organizer
      Micro-Optic Conference
    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Topological optimization of diffraction grating in SLG beam scanner2023

    • Author(s)
      K. Hirotani, S. Suyama, M. Ando and T. Baba
    • Organizer
      International Symposium on Photonics and Electronics Convergence
    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Prism lens for beam collimation of Si photonic crystal beam scanner and LiDAR - comparison of high-NA, low-profile design and two-piece design -2023

    • Author(s)
      K. Yamamoto, R. Kubota, M. Kamata, T. Tamanuki and T. Baba
    • Organizer
      International Symposium on Photonics and Electronics Convergence
    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] OFDR analysis of Si photonics components2023

    • Author(s)
      S. Nawa, M. Ando, M. Kamata and T. Baba
    • Organizer
      International Symposium on Photonics and Electronics Convergence
    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Si photonics FMCW LiDAR chip using direct laser modulation and integrated optical interferometer for k-clock generation2023

    • Author(s)
      S. Yamazaki, T. Tamanuki and T. Baba
    • Organizer
      International Symposium on Photonics and Electronics Convergence
    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] Solid-state FMCW LiDAR in Si photonics2023

    • Author(s)
      T. Baba
    • Organizer
      International Symposium on Imaging, Sensing, and Optical Memory
    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] Silicon photonics solid-state LiDAR with slow-light grating beam scanner2023

    • Author(s)
      T. Baba
    • Organizer
      International Conference on Optics, Photonics, and Lasers
    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] Challenges toward Si photonics solid-state LiDAR2023

    • Author(s)
      T. Baba
    • Organizer
      International Conference on Advanced Materials and Devices
    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] On-chip LiDAR sensor with slow-light scanner and swept laser source2023

    • Author(s)
      T. Baba
    • Organizer
      SPIE Photonics West
    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] Solid state LiDAR2023

    • Author(s)
      T. Baba
    • Organizer
      Optical Fiber Communications Conference
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] Solid-state LiDAR equipped with photonic crystal beam scanner2023

    • Author(s)
      T. Baba
    • Organizer
      International Symposium on Photonic and Electromagnetic Crystal Structures
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] Realtime k-clock FMCW LSPCW LiDAR with loop recording2023

    • Author(s)
      S. Yamazaki,T.Tamanuki,and T. Baba
    • Organizer
      International Symposium on Photonic and Electromagnetic Crystal Structures
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Si photonic crystal slow-light waveguide optimized by informatics technology2023

    • Author(s)
      K. Hirotani, M. Okano, G. Cong, N. Yamamoto, K. Yamada, T. Baba
    • Organizer
      International Symposium on Photonic and Electromagnetic Crystal Structures
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Efficient slow light grating beam scanner and 4D LiDAR action2023

    • Author(s)
      S. Suyama, S. Nawa, M. Okano, G. Cong, N. Yamamoto, K. Yamada, T. Baba
    • Organizer
      International Symposium on Photonic and Electromagnetic Crystal Structures
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] High NA, low profile prism lens for beam collimation in Si photonic crystal SLG beam scanner2023

    • Author(s)
      R. Kubota, K. Yamamoto, M. Kamata, R. Tetsuya, T. Tamanuki, T. Baba
    • Organizer
      International Symposium on Photonic and Electromagnetic Crystal Structures
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Ambient light tolerance of Si photonics FMCW LiDAR chip with photonic crystal slow light grating beam scanner2023

    • Author(s)
      M. Kamata, T. Tamanuki, R. Tetsuya, and T. Baba
    • Organizer
      International Symposium on Photonic and Electromagnetic Crystal Structures
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Realtime operation of Si photonic crystal slow-light waveguide FMCW LiDAR2023

    • Author(s)
      T. Tamanuki, S. Yamazaki, and T. Baba
    • Organizer
      International Symposium on Photonic and Electromagnetic Crystal Structures
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Highly efficient grating coupler consisting of photonic-crystal-like rectangular-lattice perforated hole array and partially-etched linear gratings2023

    • Author(s)
      R. Taira, S. Suyama, K. Hirotani, and T. Baba
    • Organizer
      International Symposium on Photonic and Electromagnetic Crystal Structures
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] On-chip FMCW LiDAR with slow light grating beam scanner2022

    • Author(s)
      T. Baba
    • Organizer
      International Conference on Nano-Photonics and Nano-Optoelectronics
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] Point cloud imaging using Si photonic crystal optical antenna serial array2022

    • Author(s)
      R. Tetsuya, T. Tamanuki, R. Kubota, M. Kamata and T. Baba
    • Organizer
      Optoelectronic and Commun. Conference
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Unidirectional emission in engineered slow light beam scanner2022

    • Author(s)
      S. Suyama, R. Shiratori and T. Baba
    • Organizer
      Optoelectronic and Commun. Conference
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Slow light solid-state FMCW LiDAR2022

    • Author(s)
      T. Baba
    • Organizer
      Conference on Laser and Electro-Optics Pacific Rim
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] High NA and size reduction in prism lens for silicon photonics SLG beam scanner2022

    • Author(s)
      R. Kubota, M. Kamata, R. Tetsuya, T. Tamanuki and T. Baba
    • Organizer
      Conference on Laser and Electro-Optics Pacific Rim
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Observation of motion and discrimination of targets using Si FMCW LiDAR chip2022

    • Author(s)
      S. Suyama, T. Tamanuki, S. Nawa, H. Ito, H. Abe and T. Baba
    • Organizer
      Conference on Laser and Electro-Optics Pacific Rim
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] High-speed, step-like optical beam scanning using Si photonics SLG beam scanner for FMCW LiDAR2022

    • Author(s)
      J. Gondo, T. Tamanuki, R. Tetsuya, M. Kamata, H. Ito and T. Baba
    • Organizer
      Conference on Laser and Electro-Optics Pacific Rim
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Design of Si photonic crystal waveguide for high performing slow light devices2022

    • Author(s)
      K. Hirotani, R. Taira, R. Shiratori and T. Baba
    • Organizer
      Conference on Laser and Electro-Optics Pacific Rim
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] FMCW LiDAR incorporating slow light grating beam scanners2022

    • Author(s)
      T. Baba
    • Organizer
      European Conference on Optical Communications
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] Challenges toward Si photonics solid-state FMCW LiDAR2022

    • Author(s)
      T. Baba
    • Organizer
      International Conference and Expo on Lasers, Optics & Photonics
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] Efficient SLG optical beam scanner and 4D LiDAR action2022

    • Author(s)
      S. Suyama and T. Baba
    • Organizer
      International Conference and Expo on Lasers, Optics & Photonics
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Remarks] 馬場研究室ホームページ

    • URL

      http://www.baba-lab.ynu.ac.jp/

    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report 2022 Annual Research Report

URL: 

Published: 2022-04-19   Modified: 2024-12-25  

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