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Issues raised by open source in the legalization of AI and Robots

Research Project

Project/Area Number 22K12210
Research Category

Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)

Allocation TypeMulti-year Fund
Section一般
Review Section Basic Section 61050:Intelligent robotics-related
Research InstitutionWaseda University

Principal Investigator

Okuno Hiroshi G.  早稲田大学, 次世代ロボット研究機構, その他(招聘研究員) (60318201)

Co-Investigator(Kenkyū-buntansha) 奥乃 真弓  東洋大学, 法学部, 准教授 (60866325)
Project Period (FY) 2022-04-01 – 2025-03-31
Project Status Completed (Fiscal Year 2024)
Budget Amount *help
¥3,900,000 (Direct Cost: ¥3,000,000、Indirect Cost: ¥900,000)
Fiscal Year 2024: ¥1,170,000 (Direct Cost: ¥900,000、Indirect Cost: ¥270,000)
Fiscal Year 2023: ¥1,170,000 (Direct Cost: ¥900,000、Indirect Cost: ¥270,000)
Fiscal Year 2022: ¥1,560,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,200,000、Indirect Cost: ¥360,000)
KeywordsAI・ロボットサービス事業 / AIガバナンス / 責任保護 / 合同会社 / 法人格付与 / EU AI法 / オープンソースソフトウエア / 汎用人工知能 / 基盤モデル / General Purpose AI / Foundation Model / EU AI法案 / Liability Risk管理 / EU AI Act / リスク管理 / AI・ロボットの法人化 / オープンソース / AI・ロボット事業合同会社 / AI・ロボット事業合同会社のリスク / 合同会社のリスク遮断
Outline of Research at the Start

AI・ロボットを所有管理し,サービス事業を提供する事業合同会社の設立による「AI・ロボットへの法人格付与(法人化)」により,AI・ロボットの責任と権利の交渉先として一元化され,納税義務が発生し,責任と権利の空白が解消できると期待される.一方,AI・ロボットの技術開発で飛躍的に展開するオープンソース化が法人化や倫理規定設定に与える影響はほとんど未検討である.本研究では,AI(MLを含む)オープンソースソフトウエア,オープンAPI,オープンカー,オープンロボティックス,での課題を,法学研究者とともに洗い出しを法人化をより緻密なものへと昇華する足掛かりを得る.

Outline of Final Research Achievements

Growing concerns over AI-related risks underscore the imperative to refine legal frameworks that grant legal personality to AI and robotic service businesses while clearly delineating accountability. This study demonstrates that employing Godo-Kaish, U.S. LLCs (limited liability companies), and Series LLCs provide three kinds of liability shields that protects business participants. It further contends that the EU AI Act’s dual-axis risk classification destabilizes ex-ante risk assessments of AI systems, intensifying legal uncertainty for open-source general-purpose AI (GPAI) and Artificial General Intelligence (AGI). Structuring GPAI/AGI use cases as separate series within a Series LLC is proposed as a means of mitigating such risks. Moreover, integrating regulatory and ethical provisions into LLC operating agreements provides a foundation for a coherent and comprehensive AI governance regime.

Academic Significance and Societal Importance of the Research Achievements

【学術的意義】①合同会社・LLC・シリーズLLCによる法人格付与と事業参加者の責任保護,②合同会社・LLC・シリーズLLCの比較法的分析,③EU AI法の二軸リスク分類に起因するリスク事前評価の不確実性の指摘,④シリーズLLCを活用したシリーズ毎のAIガバナンス構築法,を通じて,AI・ロボットサービス事業の法人格付与の基盤を確立した.
【社会的意義】 増大するAIリスクの懸念に対して,AI・ロボットサービス事業の法人格付与を通して,オープンソース汎用人工知能(AGI)のユースケース毎の法人格付与とその運営契約によるAIガバナンスの構築,を通じた責任あるAIの社会実装への道となると期待される.

Report

(4 results)
  • 2024 Annual Research Report   Final Research Report ( PDF )
  • 2023 Research-status Report
  • 2022 Research-status Report
  • Research Products

    (28 results)

All 2025 2024 2023 2022 Other

All Journal Article (15 results) (of which Peer Reviewed: 11 results,  Open Access: 7 results) Presentation (3 results) (of which Int'l Joint Research: 1 results) Remarks (10 results)

  • [Journal Article] Legal frameworks for AI service business participants: a comparative analysis of liability protection across jurisdictions2025

    • Author(s)
      Mayumi J. Okuno; Hiroshi G. Okuno
    • Journal Title

      AI & SOCIETY

      Volume: Online First Issue: 7 Pages: 5667-5683

    • DOI

      10.1007/s00146-025-02288-9

    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Locating Survivors’ Voices in Disaster Sites Using Quadcopters Based on Modeling Complicated Environments by PyRoomAcoustics and SSL by MUSIC-based Algorithms2025

    • Author(s)
      Masachika Kamada; Junji Yamato; Yasuhiro Oikawa; Hiroshi G. Okuno; Jun Ohya
    • Journal Title

      2025 IEEE/SICE International Symposium on System Integration (SII)

      Volume: 1 Pages: 846-853

    • DOI

      10.1109/sii59315.2025.10871001

    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] 国際取引法学会〈研究報告〉(234) アメリカのLLCにおける信認義務の緩和に関する一考察2025

    • Author(s)
      奥乃 真弓
    • Journal Title

      国際商事法務

      Volume: 69

    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] 国際取引法学会〈研究報告〉(217) EU AI Act の下でのAIサービス事業の責任保護の一考察(下)2024

    • Author(s)
      奥乃 真弓; 奥乃 博
    • Journal Title

      国際商事法務

      Volume: 52 Pages: 1050-1055

    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] 国際取引法学会〈研究報告〉(216) EU AI Act の下でのAIサービス事業の責任保護の一考察(上)2024

    • Author(s)
      奥乃 真弓; 奥乃 博
    • Journal Title

      国際商事法務

      Volume: 52 Pages: 626-629

    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] LLCs and Their Variants as Legal Wrappers for DAOs in the United States: Emerging Trends and Legal Developments2024

    • Author(s)
      奥乃 真弓
    • Journal Title

      東洋法学

      Volume: 68 Issue: 1 Pages: 95-136

    • DOI

      10.34428/0002000859

    • URL

      https://toyo.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/2000859

    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] Risk Management for Artificial General Intelligence by Limited Liability Companies2024

    • Author(s)
      Mayumi J. Okuno, Hiroshi G. Okuno
    • Journal Title

      Springer Lecture Notes in Netoworking and Systems (LNNS)

      Volume: 833 Pages: 13-26

    • Related Report
      2023 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] アメリカにおける分散型自律組織(DAO)の有限責任会社(LLC)を起点とした法的ラッパーの動向について2024

    • Author(s)
      奥乃 真弓
    • Journal Title

      東洋法学

      Volume: 68

    • Related Report
      2023 Research-status Report
  • [Journal Article] A Study on Liability Shields of Series LLCs in the U.S.A2023

    • Author(s)
      奥乃 真弓
    • Journal Title

      東洋法学

      Volume: 67 Issue: 2 Pages: 137-154

    • DOI

      10.34428/0002000101

    • URL

      https://toyo.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/2000101

    • Related Report
      2023 Research-status Report
  • [Journal Article] 合同会社によるAI・ロボット事業体の提案2023

    • Author(s)
      奥乃 真弓
    • Journal Title

      東洋法学

      Volume: 66 Pages: 1-20

    • Related Report
      2022 Research-status Report
    • Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Visualization and Auantification of Activities of Animal Vocalizationhs in Forest Species Using Robot Audition Techniques2023

    • Author(s)
      Hao Zhao, Reiji Suzuki, Shinji Sumitani, Shiho Matsubayashi, Takaya Arita, Kazuhiro Nakadai, Hiroshi G. Okuno
    • Journal Title

      Journal of Ecoacoustics

      Volume: 7 Issue: 1 Pages: 2-2

    • DOI

      10.35995/jea7010002

    • Related Report
      2022 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Estimating the Soundscape Structure and Dynamics of Forest Bird Vocalizations in an Azimuth-Elevation Space Using a Microphone Array2023

    • Author(s)
      Reiji Suzuki, Koichiro Hayashi, Hideki Osaka, Shiho Matsubayashi, Takaya Arita, Kazuhiro Nakadai and Hiroshi G. Okuno
    • Journal Title

      Applied Sciences

      Volume: 13(6) Issue: 6 Pages: 3607-3607

    • DOI

      10.3390/app13063607

    • Related Report
      2022 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Monitoring the courtship flight trajectory of Latham's snipe (<i>Gallinago hardwickii</i>) using microphone arrays2023

    • Author(s)
      Shiho Matsubayashi, Kazuhiro Nakadai, Reiji Suzuki, Tatsuya Ura, Makoto Hasebe, Hiroshi G. Okuno
    • Journal Title

      Ecology and Evolution

      Volume: 13 Issue: 4 Pages: 1-12

    • DOI

      10.1002/ece3.9938

    • Related Report
      2022 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Extracting Bird Vocalizations from a Complex Natural Soundscape in Forests Using Robot Audition Techniques2023

    • Author(s)
      Reiji Suzuki, Shinji Sumitani, Zachary Harlow, Shiho Matsubayashi, Takaya Arita, Kazuhiro Nakadai, Hiroshi G. Okuno
    • Journal Title

      Proceedings of 2023 IEEE/SICE International Conference on System Integration (SII-2023)

      Volume: 1 Pages: 1-6

    • DOI

      10.1109/sii55687.2023.10039198

    • Related Report
      2022 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Auditory Survey of Endangered Eurasian Bittern Using Microphone Arrays and Robot Audition2022

    • Author(s)
      Matsubayashi Shiho、Nakadai Kazuhiro、Suzuki Reiji、Ura Tatsuya、Hasebe Makoto、Okuno Hiroshi G.
    • Journal Title

      Frontiers in Robotics and AI

      Volume: 9 Pages: 854572-854572

    • DOI

      10.3389/frobt.2022.854572

    • Related Report
      2022 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Presentation] アメリカのLLCにおける信認義務の緩和に関する一考察2025

    • Author(s)
      奥乃 真弓
    • Organizer
      国際取引法学会
    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Locating Survivors’ Voices in Disaster Sites Using Quadcopters Based on Modeling Complicated Environments by PyRoomAcoustics and SSL by MUSIC-based Algorithms2025

    • Author(s)
      Masachika Kamada
    • Organizer
      2025 IEEE/SICE International Symposium on System Integration (SII)
    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Risk Management for Artificial General Intelligence by Limited Liability Companies2023

    • Author(s)
      Mayumi J. Okuno, Hiroshi G. Okuno
    • Organizer
      World Conference on Information Systems for Business Management *ISBM-2023(
    • Related Report
      2023 Research-status Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Remarks] 奥乃 博の研究成果

    • URL

      https://reearchmap.jp/okuno/

    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
  • [Remarks] HARK講習会ページ

    • URL

      https://hark.jp/hark-tutorial/

    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
  • [Remarks] HARK講習会 のチャットサポート

    • URL

      https://chatgpt.com/g/g-ULwsAOaNd-hark-web-tutorial-assistant

    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
  • [Remarks] HARK機能のチャットサポート

    • URL

      https://chatgpt.com/g/g-EqA1WTcum-hark-chat-helper

    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
  • [Remarks] 奥乃 真弓の研究成果

    • URL

      https://reearchmap.jp/mjo/

    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
  • [Remarks] オープンソース・ロボット聴覚ソフトウエアHARKの開発アシスタント

    • URL

      https://chat.openai.com/g/g-EqA1WTcum-hark-chat-helper

    • Related Report
      2023 Research-status Report
  • [Remarks] オープンソース・ロボット聴覚ソフトウエアHARK講習会アシスタント

    • URL

      https://chat.openai.com/g/g-ULwsAOaNd-hark-web-tutorial-assistant

    • Related Report
      2023 Research-status Report
  • [Remarks] 奥乃博の研究紹介

    • URL

      https://researchmap.jp/okuno

    • Related Report
      2022 Research-status Report
  • [Remarks] 奥乃真弓の研究紹介

    • URL

      https://researchmap.jp/mjo

    • Related Report
      2022 Research-status Report
  • [Remarks] ロボット聴覚オープンソースソフトウエアHARK

    • URL

      https://hark.jp/

    • Related Report
      2022 Research-status Report

URL: 

Published: 2022-04-19   Modified: 2026-01-16  

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