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Dating of secondary minerals formed within carbonaceous planetesimals

Research Project

Project/Area Number 22K18722
Research Category

Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Research (Exploratory)

Allocation TypeMulti-year Fund
Review Section Medium-sized Section 17:Earth and planetary science and related fields
Research InstitutionHokkaido University

Principal Investigator

Kawasaki Noriyuki  北海道大学, 理学研究院, 准教授 (50770278)

Project Period (FY) 2022-06-30 – 2025-03-31
Project Status Completed (Fiscal Year 2024)
Budget Amount *help
¥6,370,000 (Direct Cost: ¥4,900,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,470,000)
Fiscal Year 2024: ¥650,000 (Direct Cost: ¥500,000、Indirect Cost: ¥150,000)
Fiscal Year 2023: ¥650,000 (Direct Cost: ¥500,000、Indirect Cost: ¥150,000)
Fiscal Year 2022: ¥5,070,000 (Direct Cost: ¥3,900,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,170,000)
Keywords初期太陽系 / 微惑星 / 二次イオン質量分析法 / 年代測定 / リュウグウ
Outline of Research at the Start

本研究の目的は,初期太陽系の微惑星において水の流体活動が起きていた時期を詳細に明らかにすることである。炭素質コンドライト隕石に含まれる炭酸塩鉱物は,微惑星における水質変質プロセス中に形成した。二次イオン質量分析法を用いたMn-Cr年代測定法により,そのような鉱物の形成年代が測定されてきた。本研究では,マルチコレクター型二次イオン質量分析装置を用いた高精度Mn-Cr同位体測定により,炭酸塩鉱物の粒子間の形成年代バリエーションを明らかにすることに挑戦する。

Outline of Final Research Achievements

The formation age of the carbonate mineral dolomite in asteroid Ryugu samples was determined using the Mn-Cr isotope systematics. This study reveals that the dolomite in Ryugu C0002 particle precipitated from an aqueous fluid at approximately 90℃, around 2.0 (±0.6) million years after the birth of the solar system. This implies that Ryugu’s parent planetesimal accreted within 2.0 million years after the birth of the Solar System. This accretion age predates the formation age of chondrules in carbonaceous chondrites. Asteroid Ryugu is therefore likely a remnant of an early generation of carbonaceous planetesimals that formed in a region of the protoplanetary disk where chondrules were largely absent.

Academic Significance and Societal Importance of the Research Achievements

本研究では,探査機はやぶさ2が小惑星リュウグウから持ち帰ったサンプルに含まれる炭酸塩鉱物の年代測定を通じて,リュウグウの母天体(微惑星)が太陽系誕生から200万年以内に形成されたことを明らかにした。このことは,炭素質微惑星であるリュウグウ母天体が,一般的なコンドライト隕石の主要構成物である「コンドリュール」よりも早く形成されたことを示し,初期太陽系における惑星形成の多様性や進化過程の理解に重要な手がかりを与える成果である。

Report

(4 results)
  • 2024 Annual Research Report   Final Research Report ( PDF )
  • 2023 Research-status Report
  • 2022 Research-status Report
  • Research Products

    (45 results)

All 2025 2024 2023 2022 Other

All Int'l Joint Research (1 results) Journal Article (24 results) (of which Int'l Joint Research: 22 results,  Peer Reviewed: 24 results,  Open Access: 20 results) Presentation (20 results) (of which Int'l Joint Research: 5 results)

  • [Int'l Joint Research] ハワイ大学(米国)

    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] An overview of the petrography and petrology of particles from aggregate sample from asteroid Bennu2025

    • Author(s)
      Connolly Harold C.、Lauretta Dante S., Noriyuki Kawasaki et al.
    • Journal Title

      Meteoritics & Planetary Science

      Volume: in press. Issue: 5 Pages: 979-996

    • DOI

      10.1111/maps.14335

    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] An evaporite sequence from ancient brine recorded in Bennu samples2025

    • Author(s)
      McCoy T. J., Russell S. S., Zega T. J., Thomas-Keprta K. L., Singerling S. A., Brenker F. E.他60名
    • Journal Title

      Nature

      Volume: 637 Issue: 8048 Pages: 1072-1077

    • DOI

      10.1038/s41586-024-08495-6

    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Oxygen Isotope Exchange between Dust Aggregates and Ambient Nebular Gas2024

    • Author(s)
      Arakawa Sota、Yamamoto Daiki、Ishizaki Lily、Okamoto Tamami、Kawasaki Noriyuki
    • Journal Title

      The Astrophysical Journal

      Volume: 974 Issue: 2 Pages: 199-199

    • DOI

      10.3847/1538-4357/ad7795

    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Zirconium isotope composition indicates s-process depletion in samples returned from asteroid Ryugu2024

    • Author(s)
      Schonbachler Maria、Fehr Manuela A.、Yokoyama Tetsuya、Gautam Ikshu、Nakanishi Nao、Hikaru Yabuta(代表者は76番目)ほか共著者85名
    • Journal Title

      Meteoritics & Planetary Science

      Volume: 60 Issue: 1 Pages: 3-16

    • DOI

      10.1111/maps.14279

    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Update on the 53Mn-53Cr ages of dolomite in the Ivuna CI chondrite and asteroid Ryugu sample2024

    • Author(s)
      Sugawara Shingo, Fujiya Wataru, Kawasaki Noriyuki, Sakamoto Naoya, Yamaguchi Akira, Hisayoshi Yurimoto
    • Journal Title

      Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

      Volume: 382 Pages: 40-50

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.gca.2024.08.013

    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] The Ni isotopic composition of Ryugu reveals a common accretion region for carbonaceous chondrites2024

    • Author(s)
      Spitzer Fridolin、Kleine Thorsten、Burkhardt Christoph、Hopp Timo、Yokoyama Tetsuya、Hikaru Yabuta (代表者は74番目))、ほか85名
    • Journal Title

      Science Advances

      Volume: 10 Issue: 39 Pages: 2426-2426

    • DOI

      10.1126/sciadv.adp2426

    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Microscopic slickenside as a record of weak shock metamorphism in the surface layer of asteroid Ryugu2024

    • Author(s)
      Masaaki Miyahara, Takaaki Noguchi, Toru Matsumoto, Naotaka Tomioka, Akira Miyake, Hikaru 59 Yabuta(代表者は75番目), ほか74名
    • Journal Title

      Meteoritics & Planetary Science

      Volume: 59 Issue: 12 Pages: 3181-3192

    • DOI

      10.1111/maps.14271

    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Condensation of refractory minerals on igneous compact type A Ca‐Al‐rich inclusion from Northwest Africa 7865 CV chondrite2024

    • Author(s)
      Suzumura Akimasa、Kawasaki Noriyuki、Yurimoto Hisayoshi、Itoh Shoichi
    • Journal Title

      Meteoritics & Planetary Science

      Volume: 59 Issue: 9 Pages: 2388-2402

    • DOI

      10.1111/maps.14222

    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Pyrrhotites in asteroid 162173 Ryugu: Records of the initial changes on their surfaces with aqueous alteration2024

    • Author(s)
      Yui Hiroharu、Urashima Shu-hei、Onose Morihiko、Morita Mayu、Komatani Shintaro、Hikaru Yabuta 379 (代表者は73番目)、ほか83名
    • Journal Title

      Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

      Volume: 379 Pages: 172-183

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.gca.2024.06.016

    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Disequilibrium oxygen isotope distribution among aqueously altered minerals in Ryugu asteroid returned samples2024

    • Author(s)
      Kita N., including Hibiya Y. and Iizuka T.
    • Journal Title

      Meteoritics & Planetary Science

      Volume: in press Issue: 8 Pages: 2097-2116

    • DOI

      10.1111/maps.14163

    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report 2023 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Hydrogen in magnetite from asteroid Ryugu2024

    • Author(s)
      Aleon J., Mostefaoui S., Bureau H., Vangu D., Khodja H., Nagashima K., Kawasaki N., Abe Y., O'D. Alexander C. M.,...Tachibana S., et al
    • Journal Title

      Meteoritics and Planetary Science

      Volume: ー Issue: 8 Pages: 1-15

    • DOI

      10.1111/maps.14139

    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] An experimental simulation of oxygen isotope exchange reaction between amorphous silicate dust and carbon monoxide gas in the early Solar System2024

    • Author(s)
      Yamamoto Daiki, Kawasaki Noriyuki, Tachibana Shogo, Ishizaki Lily, Sakurai Ryosuke, Hisayoshi Yurimoto
    • Journal Title

      Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

      Volume: 374 Pages: 93-105

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.gca.2024.04.014

    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report 2023 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] In Situ Helium Isotope Microimaging of Meteorites2024

    • Author(s)
      Bajo Ken-ichi、Kawasaki Noriyuki、Sakaguchi Isao、Suzuki Taku T.、Itose Satoru、Matsuya Miyuki、Ishihara Morio、Uchino Kiichiro、Yurimoto Hisayoshi
    • Journal Title

      Analytical Chemistry

      Volume: 96 Issue: 13 Pages: 5143-5149

    • DOI

      10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05201

    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report 2023 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] 26Al-26Mg chronology of high‐temperature condensate hibonite in a fine‐grained, Ca, Al‐rich inclusion from reduced CV chondrite2023

    • Author(s)
      Kawasaki Noriyuki、Yamamoto Daiki、Wada Sohei、Park Changkun、Kim Hwayoung、Sakamoto Naoya、Yurimoto Hisayoshi
    • Journal Title

      Meteoritics & Planetary Science

      Volume: 59 Issue: 4 Pages: 630-639

    • DOI

      10.1111/maps.13989

    • Related Report
      2023 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Hydrogen Isotopic Composition of Hydrous Minerals in Asteroid Ryugu2023

    • Author(s)
      Piani L., Nagashima K., Kawasaki N., Sakamoto N., Bajo K.-I., Yabuta H. et al.
    • Journal Title

      The Astrophysical Journal Letters

      Volume: 946 Issue: 2 Pages: L43-L43

    • DOI

      10.3847/2041-8213/acc393

    • Related Report
      2023 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Carbonate record of temporal change in oxygen fugacity and gaseous species in asteroid Ryugu2023

    • Author(s)
      Fujiya Wataru、et al.
    • Journal Title

      Nature Geoscience

      Volume: 16 Issue: 8 Pages: 675-682

    • DOI

      10.1038/s41561-023-01226-y

    • Related Report
      2023 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Samples returned from the asteroid Ryugu are similar to Ivuna-type carbonaceous meteorites2023

    • Author(s)
      Yokoyama Tetsuya、Nagashima Kazuhide、Nakai Izumi、Young Edward D.、Abe Yoshinari、Aleon Jerome、Alexander Conel M. O’D.、Amari Sachiko、Amelin Yuri、Bajo Ken-ichi ... Yabuta Hikaru ... et al.
    • Journal Title

      Science

      Volume: 379 Issue: 6634 Pages: 7850-7850

    • DOI

      10.1126/science.abn7850

    • Related Report
      2022 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] A dehydrated space-weathered skin cloaking the hydrated interior of Ryugu2022

    • Author(s)
      Noguchi Takaaki、Matsumoto Toru、Miyake Akira、Igami Yohei、Haruta Mitsutaka、Saito Hikaru、Hata Satoshi、Seto Yusuke、Miyahara Masaaki、Tomioka Naotaka ... Yabuta Hikaru ... et al.
    • Journal Title

      Nature Astronomy

      Volume: 7 Pages: 170-170

    • DOI

      10.1038/s41550-022-01841-6

    • Related Report
      2022 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Oxygen isotopes of anhydrous primary minerals show kinship between asteroid Ryugu and comet 81P/Wild22022

    • Author(s)
      Kawasaki Noriyuki、Nagashima Kazuhide、Sakamoto Naoya、Matsumoto Toru、Bajo Ken-ichi、Wada Sohei、Igami Yohei、Miyake Akira、Noguchi Takaaki、Yamamoto Daiki ... Yabuta Hikaru ... et al.
    • Journal Title

      Science Advances

      Volume: 8 Issue: 50 Pages: 1-10

    • DOI

      10.1126/sciadv.ade2067

    • Related Report
      2022 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Contribution of Ryugu-like material to Earth’s volatile inventory by Cu and Zn isotopic analysis2022

    • Author(s)
      Paquet Marine、Moynier Frederic、Yokoyama Tetsuya、Dai Wei、Hu Yan、Abe Yoshinari、Aleon Jerome、O’D. Alexander Conel M.、Amari Sachiko、Amelin Yuri ... Yabuta Hikaru ... et al.
    • Journal Title

      Nature Astronomy

      Volume: 7 Issue: 2 Pages: 182-189

    • DOI

      10.1038/s41550-022-01846-1

    • Related Report
      2022 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Ryugu’s nucleosynthetic heritage from the outskirts of the Solar System2022

    • Author(s)
      Hopp Timo、Dauphas Nicolas、Abe Yoshinari、Aleon Jerome、O’D. Alexander Conel M.、Amari Sachiko、Amelin Yuri、Bajo Ken-ichi、Bizzarro Martin、Bouvier Audrey ... Yabuta Hikaru ... et al.
    • Journal Title

      Science Advances

      Volume: 8 Issue: 46 Pages: 1-10

    • DOI

      10.1126/sciadv.add8141

    • Related Report
      2022 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Oxygen isotope exchange kinetics between CAI melt and carbon monoxide gas: Implication for CAI formation in the earliest Solar System2022

    • Author(s)
      Yamamoto Daiki、Kawasaki Noriyuki、Tachibana Shogo、Kamibayashi Michiru、Yurimoto Hisayoshi
    • Journal Title

      Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

      Volume: 336 Pages: 104-112

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.gca.2022.09.006

    • Related Report
      2022 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] The Solar System calcium isotopic composition inferred from Ryugu samples2022

    • Author(s)
      Moynier F.、Dai W.、Yokoyama T.、Hu Y.、Paquet M.、Abe Y.、Aleon J.、Alexander C.M.O'D、Amari S.、Amelin Y. ... Yabuta H. ... et al.
    • Journal Title

      Geochemical Perspectives Letters

      Volume: 24 Pages: 1-6

    • DOI

      10.7185/geochemlet.2238

    • Related Report
      2022 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Presolar Stardust in Asteroid Ryugu2022

    • Author(s)
      Barosch Jens、Nittler Larry R.、Wang Jianhua、O’D. Alexander Conel M.、De Gregorio Bradley T.、Engrand Cecile、Kebukawa Yoko、Nagashima Kazuhide、Stroud Rhonda M.、Yabuta Hikaru et al.
    • Journal Title

      The Astrophysical Journal Letters

      Volume: 935 Issue: 1 Pages: 1-12

    • DOI

      10.3847/2041-8213/ac83bd

    • Related Report
      2022 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] An experimental study on titanium valence state of fassaite in low-pressure H2 and H2-H2O gas2025

    • Author(s)
      Daiki Yamamoto, Noriyuki Kawasaki, Ryuji Okazaki
    • Organizer
      Solar System symposium in Sapporo 2025
    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] 小惑星リュウグウの年代学2025

    • Author(s)
      川﨑教行
    • Organizer
      惑星科学のフロンティア研究会
    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Thermal Evolution of Ryugu’s Parent Body: The Importance of Water Circulation within the Porous Rocky Core2025

    • Author(s)
      S. ARAKAWA, H. GENDA, N. KAWASAKI, W. FUJIYA, AND S. WAKITA
    • Organizer
      Solar System symposium in Sapporo 2025
    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Chronology of primary and seconday minerals in Ryugu and Bennu samples2025

    • Author(s)
      N. KAWASAKI, K. NAGASHIMA, N. SAKAMOTO, W. FUJIYA, S. ARAKAWA, Y. MIYAMOTO, D. YAMAMOTO, N. MAKINO, K. BAJO, S.S. RUSSEL, J. BARNES, A. NGUYEN, H. C. CONNOLLY, D. LAURETTA, AND H. YURIMOTO
    • Organizer
      Solar System symposium in Sapporo 2025
    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Petrology and mineralogy of calcium-aluminium-rich inclusions from the CH/CB chondrite Isheyevo2025

    • Author(s)
      D. HASEGAWA, N. KAWASAKI, AND N. SAKAMOTO
    • Organizer
      Solar System symposium in Sapporo 2025
    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] 原始太陽系円盤を模した環境下で結晶化するファッサイトのチタン酸化還元状態に関する実験的研究2024

    • Author(s)
      山本大貴, 音野樹里香, 川崎 教行, 島田 和彦, 石崎 梨理, 岡崎隆司
    • Organizer
      日本地球惑星科学連合2024年大会
    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 低圧環境下でのコンドリュールメルト-水蒸気間の酸素同位体交換実験2024

    • Author(s)
      山本 大貴, 川崎 教行
    • Organizer
      日本鉱物科学会2024年年会
    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Ivuna隕石およびRyugu, Bennuサンプルに含まれる無水一次鉱物の起源2024

    • Author(s)
      川崎 教行、坂本 直哉、宮本 悠史、馬上 謙一、Barnes Jessica、Ann Nguyen、Harold C. Connolly、Dante S. Lauretta、圦本 尚義
    • Organizer
      日本地球惑星科学連合2024年大会
    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] CVコンドライト隕石中のcompact Type A CAIの形成プロセス:溶融イベント後のメリライト凝縮2024

    • Author(s)
      鈴村明政、川崎教行、圦本尚義、伊藤正一
    • Organizer
      日本地球惑星科学連合2024年大会
    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] CRコンドライト隕石NWA 801中のCAI-コンドリュール複合物のAl-Mg同位体分布2024

    • Author(s)
      牧野 望、川崎 教行、小長谷 智哉、坂本 直哉
    • Organizer
      日本地球惑星科学連合2024年大会
    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] RyuguサンプルおよびIvuna隕石のスピネル-ヒボナイト包有物のAl-Mg同位体組成2024

    • Author(s)
      宮本 悠史,川崎 教行,坂本 直哉,圦本 尚義
    • Organizer
      日本地球惑星科学連合2024年大会
    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 低圧環境下での室内実験から探る原始太陽系円盤でのケイ酸塩ダスト酸素同位体進化2024

    • Author(s)
      山本大貴、川﨑教行、橘省吾、石﨑梨理、櫻井亮輔、圦本尚義
    • Organizer
      日本地球化学会第71回年会
    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 小惑星リュウグウの年代学2024

    • Author(s)
      川﨑 教行, 坂本 直哉, 宮本 悠史, 馬上 謙一, 圦本 尚義, 永島 一秀, 藤谷 渉, 荒川 創太
    • Organizer
      同位体比部会2024
    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 二次イオン質量分析法によるAl-Mg年代測定の高感度化に向けた二次イオン収率の評価2024

    • Author(s)
      牧野望, 川﨑教行
    • Organizer
      同位体比部会2024
    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 初期太陽系の微小鉱物の年代測定に向けた二次イオン質量分析法のイオン収率の定量的評価2024

    • Author(s)
      牧野望, 川﨑教行
    • Organizer
      日本質量分析学会北海道談話会2024年
    • Related Report
      2024 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Al-Mg chronology of high-temperature condensate minerals in a fine-grained, Ca-Al-rich inclusion from CV chondrite2023

    • Author(s)
      Noriyuki Kawasaki, Daiki Yamamoto, Sohei Wada, Hywyoung Kim, Naoya Sakamoto, Hisayoshi Yurimoto
    • Organizer
      Solar System symposium in Sapporo 2023
    • Related Report
      2022 Research-status Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Oxygen isotopic compositions of olivine, low-Ca pyroxene and spinel in the Hayabusa-2 returned sample from Ryugu2022

    • Author(s)
      Noriyuki Kawasaki, Kazuhide Nagashima, Naoya Sakamoto, Ken-ichi Bajo, Sohei Wada, The Hayabusa2-initial-analysis chemistry team, The Hayabusa2-initial-analysis core, and Hisayoshi Yurimoto
    • Organizer
      Japan Geoscience Union Meeting 2022 JpGU
    • Related Report
      2022 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] Vigarano隕石中のfluffy Type A CAIから見つかった 異なる形成年代をもつメリライト結晶群2022

    • Author(s)
      田邉路紗アイディーン、川﨑教行、坂本直哉、圦本尚義
    • Organizer
      日本地球化学会2022年度年会
    • Related Report
      2022 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] Vigarano隕石中の凝縮物CAIにおけるAl-Mgシステマティクス2022

    • Author(s)
      田邉路紗アイディーン、川﨑教行、坂本直哉、圦本尚義
    • Organizer
      日本質量分析学会 同位体比部会2022
    • Related Report
      2022 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] 山崎忠勝,川﨑教行,坂本直哉,圦本尚義2022

    • Author(s)
      Allende隕石の複合CAI の酸素同位体分布
    • Organizer
      日本質量分析学会 同位体比部会2022
    • Related Report
      2022 Research-status Report

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Published: 2022-07-05   Modified: 2026-01-16  

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