Physical Mechanism of Outflows in Merging Galaxies Revealed with High-spectral-resolution X-ray and high-spatial-resolution Infrared Observations

• Project/Area Number: 22K20391
• Research Category: Grant-in-Aid for Research Activity Start-up
• Allocation Type: Multi-year Fund
• Review Section: 0204:Astronomy, earth and planetary science, and related fields
• Research Institution: Institute of Physical and Chemical Research
• Principal Investigator: Yamada Satoshi 国立研究開発法人理化学研究所, 開拓研究本部, 基礎科学特別研究員 (90963520)
• Project Period (FY): 2022-08-31 – 2024-03-31
• Project Status: Completed (Fiscal Year 2023)
• Budget Amount: ¥2,860,000 (Direct Cost: ¥2,200,000、Indirect Cost: ¥660,000); Fiscal Year 2023: ¥1,430,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,100,000、Indirect Cost: ¥330,000); Fiscal Year 2022: ¥1,430,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,100,000、Indirect Cost: ¥330,000)
• Keywords: X線天文学 / 赤外線天文学 / 超巨大ブラックホール / 活動銀河核 / 赤外線銀河

Outline of Research at the Start

銀河とその中心の超巨大ブラックホール(Supermassive Black Hole; SMBH)は単調に成長するのではなく、銀河同士の合体とそれに伴うSMBHへの質量降着により急激に成長する。両者の進化過程を知るには、銀河の合体時に起きる物理現象を観測する必要があるが、ガスやダストに深く覆われて観測することが難しい。そこで本研究は、透過力の高いX線と赤外線の観測により、合体銀河中のSMBH周辺の物理環境、特にSMBH近傍から噴出するアウトフローの構造や強度を調べる。2023年から稼働するXRISM衛星によるX線精密分光観測やTAO望遠鏡による高空間分解能な赤外線観測により、アウトフローの速度と質量を調べ、合体時の進化過程の全貌の解明に迫る。

Outline of Final Research Achievements

The purpose of our research is to elucidate the outflow physics involved in the formation process of galaxies and central supermassive black holes. In the first year, we developed a multi-wavelength radiation model from X-ray to radio emission. We extracted outflow dust emissions from 84 nearby merging galaxies and succeeded for the first time in systematically showing that outflow dominates as the mergers proceed. We also constructed the largest outflow catalog based on X-ray observations over the past 20 years. In addition, our team developed an X-ray satellite (XRISM) that JAXA led its development, which was successfully launched in September 2023. Innovative data with energy resolution 30 times better than conventional satellites were obtained every day and we are still working on generating results from the initial observation data of the XRISM satellite.

Academic Significance and Societal Importance of the Research Achievements

銀河と中心のブラックホールの大きさは10桁も異なるが、両者の質量に強い相関があり、これらを繋ぐ物理が未解明である。その候補であるアウトフローの構造を解明するには、ドップラー効果を受けた輝線や吸収線でその運動を測定することが鍵となる。共同開発したXRISM衛星の打上げの成功により、かつてない精度でアウトフローの運動やエネルギーを測定できる時代が到来した。我々は多波長データモデルの構築、及び、網羅的なX線アウトフロー探査を行い、アウトフロー構造に強い制限を与えた。XRISMの観測も毎日行われ、ブラックホール近傍での物質運動が解明されつつあり、今後は宇宙形成の理解に一層大きな進展を与えられるだろう。

Research Products

• [Int'l Joint Research] ディエゴ・ポルタレス大学/チリ・カトリック大学/アントファガスタ大学(チリ)
• [Int'l Joint Research] NASA/GSFC/フロリダ大学/カリフォルニア工科大学(米国)
• [Int'l Joint Research] ケンブリッジ大学/サウサンプトン大学/ダラム大学(英国)
• [Int'l Joint Research] INAF/ローマ・トレ大学(イタリア)
• [Int'l Joint Research] 北京大学/ASIAA/国立清華大学(中国)
• [Int'l Joint Research]
• [Int'l Joint Research] ディエゴ・ポルタレス大学(チリ)
• [Int'l Joint Research] メキシコ国立自治大学(メキシコ)
• [Int'l Joint Research] 北京大学/紫金山天文台(中国)
• [Int'l Joint Research] Cosmic Dawn Center/コペンハーゲン大学/デンマーク大学(デンマーク)
• [Int'l Joint Research] グラナダ大学(スペイン)
• [Int'l Joint Research]
• [Journal Article] Probing the origin of the two-component structure of broad-line region by reverberation mapping of an extremely variable quasar (2024)
  • Author(s): Nagoshi Shumpei、Iwamuro Fumihide、Yamada Satoshi、Ueda Yoshihiro、Oikawa Yuto、Otsuka Masaaki、Isogai Keisuke、Mineshige Shin
  • Journal Title: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Volume: 529 Issue: 1 Pages: 393-408
  • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stae319
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey: Full Spectral Energy Distribution Analysis of z < 0.5-6 Lensed Galaxies Detected with millimeter Observations (2024)
  • Author(s): Uematsu Ryosuke、Ueda Yoshihiro、Kohno Kotaro、Toba Yoshiki、Yamada Satoshi、Smail Ian、Umehata Hideki、Fujimoto Seiji、Hatsukade Bunyo、Ao Yiping、Bauer Franz Erik、Brammer Gabriel、Dessauges-Zavadsky Miroslava、Espada Daniel、Jolly Jean-Baptiste、Koekemoer Anton M.、Kokorev Vasily、Magdis Georgios E.、et al.
  • Journal Title: The Astrophysical Journal Volume: 965 Issue: 2 Pages: 108-128
  • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ad26f7
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] [O IV]- and [Ne V]-weak Active Galactic Nuclei Hidden by Compton-thick Material in Late Mergers (2024)
  • Author(s): Yamada Satoshi、Ueda Yoshihiro、Kawamuro Taiki、Ricci Claudio、Toba Yoshiki、Imanishi Masatoshi、Miyaji Takamitsu、Tanimoto Atsushi、Ichikawa Kohei、Herrera-Endoqui Martin、Ogawa Shoji、Uematsu Ryosuke、Wada Keiichi
  • Journal Title: The Astrophysical Journal Volume: 965 Issue: 2 Pages: 153-162
  • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ad2936
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] X-ray Winds In Nearby-to-distant Galaxies (X-WING) - I: Legacy Surveys of Galaxies with Ultrafast Outflows and Warm Absorbers in z ~ 0-4 (2024)
  • Author(s): Yamada Satoshi、Kawamuro Taiki、Mizumoto Misaki、Ricci Claudio、Ogawa Shoji、Noda Hirofumi、Ueda Yoshihiro、Enoto Teruaki、Kokubo Mitsuru、Minezaki Takeo、Sameshima Hiroaki、Horiuchi Takashi、Mizukoshi Shoichiro
  • Journal Title: The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series (in press) Volume: (in press)
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] Hard X-Ray to Radio Multiwavelength SED Analysis of Local U/LIRGs in the GOALS Sample with a Self-consistent AGN Model including a Polar-dust Component (2023)
  • Author(s): Yamada Satoshi、Ueda Yoshihiro、Herrera-Endoqui Mart?n、Toba Yoshiki、Miyaji Takamitsu、Ogawa Shoji、Uematsu Ryosuke、Tanimoto Atsushi、Imanishi Masatoshi、Ricci Claudio
  • Journal Title: The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series Volume: 265 Issue: 2 Pages: 37-37
  • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4365/acb349
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] Coevolution and Nuclear Structure in the Dwarf Galaxy POX 52 Studied by Multiwavelength Data from Radio to X-Ray (2023)
  • Author(s): Kawamuro Taiki、Ricci Claudio、Yamada Satoshi、Noda Hirofumi、Li Ruancun、Temple Matthew J.、Tortosa Alessia
  • Journal Title: The Astrophysical Journal Volume: 960 Issue: 1 Pages: 15-15
  • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ad0972
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] BASS. XLII. The Relation between the Covering Factor of Dusty Gas and the Eddington Ratio in Nearby Active Galactic Nuclei (2023)
  • Author(s): Ricci C.、Ichikawa K.、Stalevski M.、Kawamuro T.、Yamada S.、Ueda Y.、Mushotzky R.、Privon G. C.、Koss M. J.、Trakhtenbrot B.、Fabian A. C.、Ho L. C.、Asmus D.、Bauer F. E.、Chang C. S.、Gupta K. K.、Oh K.、Powell M.、Pfeifle R. W.、Rojas A.、Ricci F.、Temple M. J.、et al.
  • Journal Title: The Astrophysical Journal Volume: 959 Issue: 1 Pages: 27-36
  • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ad0733
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] AGN number fraction in galaxy groups and clusters at z > 1.4 from the Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam survey (2023)
  • Author(s): Hashiguchi Aoi、Toba Yoshiki、Ota Naomi、Oguri Masamune、Okabe Nobuhiro、Ueda Yoshihiro、Imanishi Masatoshi、Yamada Satoshi、Goto Tomotsugu、Koyama Shuhei、Lee Kianhong、Mitsuishi Ikuyuki、Nagao Tohru、Nishizawa Atsushi J、Noboriguchi Akatoki、Oogi Taira、Sakuta Koki、Schramm Malte、et al.
  • Journal Title: Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan Volume: 75 Issue: 6 Pages: 1246-1261
  • DOI: 10.1093/pasj/psad066
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] Broad-band X-ray spectral study of nuclear structure in local obscured radio galaxies (2023)
  • Author(s): Nakatani Yuya、Ueda Yoshihiro、Ricci Claudio、Inaba Koki、Ogawa Shoji、Setoguchi Kenta、Uematsu Ryosuke、Yamada Satoshi、Yoshitake Tomohiro
  • Journal Title: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Volume: 523 Issue: 4 Pages: 6239-6249
  • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stad1836
  • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] Narrow Fe?Kα Reverberation Mapping Unveils the Deactivated Broad-line Region in a Changing-look Active Galactic Nucleus (2023)
  • Author(s): Noda Hirofumi、Mineta Taisei、Minezaki Takeo、Sameshima Hiroaki、Kokubo Mitsuru、Kawamuro Taiki、Yamada Satoshi、Horiuchi Takashi、Matsumoto Hironori、Watanabe Makoto、Morihana Kumiko、Itoh Yoichi、Kawabata Koji S.、Fukazawa Yasushi
  • Journal Title: The Astrophysical Journal Volume: 943 Issue: 1 Pages: 63-63
  • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aca963
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey: Properties of Millimeter Galaxies Hosting X-Ray-detected Active Galactic Nuclei (2023)
  • Author(s): Uematsu Ryosuke、Ueda Yoshihiro、Kohno Kotaro、Yamada Satoshi、Toba Yoshiki、Fujimoto Seiji、Hatsukade Bunyo、Umehata Hideki、Espada Daniel、Sun Fengwu、Magdis Georgios E.、Kokorev Vasily、Ao Yiping
  • Journal Title: The Astrophysical Journal Volume: 945 Issue: 2 Pages: 121-121
  • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/acb4e9
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] NuSTAR Observations of 52 Compton-thick Active Galactic Nuclei Selected by the Swift/Burst Alert Telescope All-sky Hard X-Ray Survey (2022)
  • Author(s): Tanimoto Atsushi、Ueda Yoshihiro、Odaka Hirokazu、Yamada Satoshi、Ricci Claudio
  • Journal Title: The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series Volume: 260 Issue: 2 Pages: 30-30
  • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4365/ac5f59
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] Broadband X-Ray Spectral Analysis of the Dual AGN System Mrk 739 (2022)
  • Author(s): Inaba Koki、Ueda Yoshihiro、Yamada Satoshi、Ogawa Shoji、Uematsu Ryosuke、Tanimoto Atsushi、Ricci Claudio
  • Journal Title: The Astrophysical Journal Volume: 939 Issue: 2 Pages: 88-88
  • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac97ec
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] Optical IFU observations of GOALS sample with KOOLS-IFU on Seimei Telescope: Initial results of nine U/LIRGs at < 0.04 (2022)
  • Author(s): Toba Y., Yamada S., Matsubayashi K., Terao K., Moriya A., Ueda Y., Ohta K., Hashiguchi A., Himoto K. G., Izumiura H., Joh K., Kato N., Koyama S., Maehara H., Misato R., Noboriguchi A., Ogawa S., Ota N., Shibata M., Tamada N., Yanagawa A., Yonekura N., Nagao T., Akiyama M., Kajisawa M., Matsuoka Y.
  • Journal Title: Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan Volume: 74 Issue: 6 Pages: 1356-1367
  • DOI: 10.1093/pasj/psac073
  • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] X-ray Winds in Nearby-to-distant Galaxies (X-WING) - I: Legacy Surveys of Galaxies with Warm Absorbers and UFOs in z ~ 0-4 (2024)
  • Author(s): Satoshi Yamada
  • Organizer: The 2nd XRISM Community Workshop
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] [O IV] and [Ne V]-weak AGNs Hidden by Compton-thick Material in Late Mergers (2024)
  • Author(s): 山田 智史
  • Organizer: 日本天文学会2024年春季年会
• [Presentation] X-ray Weak AGNs Hosting Rapidly Growing Black Holes and Massive Outflows in Late-stage Mergers (2023)
  • Author(s): Satoshi Yamada
  • Organizer: East-Asia AGN Workshop 2023
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] 多波長放射を用いたU/LIRGが持つAGNの探査法 (2023)
  • Author(s): 山田 智史
  • Organizer: 日本天文学会2023年秋季年会
• [Presentation] AGN Outflowの多スケール構造とFeedback (2023)
  • Author(s): 山田 智史
  • Organizer: 微細構造線研究会2023
• [Presentation] 合体末期の銀河が持つ[O IV]/[Ne V]-weak AGNの構造 (2023)
  • Author(s): 山田 智史
  • Organizer: 基盤Aミニワークショップ
• [Presentation] 合体銀河中で急成長する塵に埋もれた巨大ブラックホール (2023)
  • Author(s): 山田 智史
  • Organizer: 山田研究会「宇宙における降着現象; 活動性・多様性の源」
• [Presentation] Comprehensive Multiwavelength Studies of Local U/LIRGs observed with NuSTAR and/or Swift/BAT (2022)
  • Author(s): Satoshi Yamada
  • Organizer: What drives the growth of black holes: a decade of reflection
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Hard X-Ray to Radio Multiwavelength SED Analysis of Local U/LIRGs in GOALS Sample with Self-consistent AGN Model Including Polar-dust Component (2022)
  • Author(s): Satoshi Yamada
  • Organizer: Tracing the SMBH growth: outlook beyond the HSC-SSP, and future collaborations
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Latest Picture of Torus and Polar Dust in Merging Galaxies Revealed by Hard X-ray to Radio Multiwavelength Analysis (2022)
  • Author(s): Satoshi Yamada
  • Organizer: Torus 2022 Workshop Smoke and Mirrors
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Hard X-ray to Radio Multiwavelength SED Analysis of Local U/LIRGs with Self-consistent AGN Model Including Polar-dust Component (2022)
  • Author(s): Satoshi Yamada
  • Organizer: The 9th Galaxy Evolution Workshop
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Multiwavelength Study of Galaxy-Supermassive Black Hole Coevolution in Galaxy Mergers (2022)
  • Author(s): Satoshi Yamada
  • Organizer: ISAS Astrophysics Colloquia
  • Invited
• [Presentation] Multiwavelength Study of Galaxy and Supermassive Black Hole Growth in Galaxy Mergers (2022)
  • Author(s): Satoshi Yamada
  • Organizer: Monthly Seminar
  • Invited
• [Presentation] ポーラーダスト成分を含めたAGNモデルによる超/高光度赤外線銀河の多波長SED解析 (2022)
  • Author(s): 山田 智史
  • Organizer: AGNミニワークショップ
• [Presentation] 多波長観測による超/高光度赤外線銀河が持つX 線で暗い活動銀河核の調査 (2022)
  • Author(s): 山田 智史
  • Organizer: 日本天文学会2022年秋季年会
• [Presentation] JEDI Deep Survey of high-z AGNs (2022)
  • Author(s): 山田 智史
  • Organizer: AGN/コンパクト（広帯域）SG ミーティング
• [Presentation] JEDI Strategy: Obscured AGNs and dual AGNs (2022)
  • Author(s): 山田 智史
  • Organizer: AGN/コンパクト（広帯域）SG ミーティング
• [Presentation] X線分光撮像衛星XRISMの観測データ処理ツールの開発状況 (2022)
  • Author(s): 山田 智史
  • Organizer: 日本天文学会2023年春季年会
• [Presentation] ポーラーダストを考慮した多波長データ解析で探る合体銀河中の共進化過程 (2022)
  • Author(s): 山田 智史
  • Organizer: 日本天文学会2023年春季年会