| Budget Amount *help |
¥15,080,000 (Direct Cost: ¥11,600,000、Indirect Cost: ¥3,480,000)
Fiscal Year 2013: ¥4,160,000 (Direct Cost: ¥3,200,000、Indirect Cost: ¥960,000)
Fiscal Year 2012: ¥5,070,000 (Direct Cost: ¥3,900,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,170,000)
Fiscal Year 2011: ¥5,850,000 (Direct Cost: ¥4,500,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,350,000)
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| Research Abstract |
In New-Zealand alpine ecosystems, social bees are completely lacking and flies are major pollinators for most alpine plants. Flowering overlaps among species were large and flowering patterns of individual species were unclear in NZ alpine communities in comparison with Japanese alpine ecosystems in which social bees are major pollinators. Because foraging activity of flies did not show clear seasonal trend due to their opportunistic lifecycle, natural selection on flowering phenology might be not strong in NZ ecosystems. Furthermore, diversities of floral morphology and color were significantly lower in NZ alpine ecosystems. These results indicate that absence of social bees might cause different selective forces in floral evolution in NZ alpine ecosystems.
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