| Budget Amount *help |
¥4,290,000 (Direct Cost: ¥3,300,000、Indirect Cost: ¥990,000)
Fiscal Year 2014: ¥910,000 (Direct Cost: ¥700,000、Indirect Cost: ¥210,000)
Fiscal Year 2013: ¥1,040,000 (Direct Cost: ¥800,000、Indirect Cost: ¥240,000)
Fiscal Year 2012: ¥910,000 (Direct Cost: ¥700,000、Indirect Cost: ¥210,000)
Fiscal Year 2011: ¥1,430,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,100,000、Indirect Cost: ¥330,000)
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| Outline of Final Research Achievements |
In this research project, I tried to elucidate the importance of Which Was It? , a novel-length story which is one of the most underappreciated among Mark Twain’s later writings. For this purpose, I closely analyzed this story while translating it into Japanese language. In analyzing the story, I also referred to Twain’s other tales and autobiographical essays and sketches, as well as to other related materials written by his contemporaries. As a result of these examinations, I found out that Which Was It? has many important motifs characteristic not only to Twain’s last years but also to his height as a writer. Moreover, I demonstrated the further significance of Which Was It? by showing that it gives us deeper insight into intricate multi-racial (or multi-ethnic) aspects of U.S. society during the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth century.
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