| Budget Amount *help |
¥3,510,000 (Direct Cost: ¥2,700,000、Indirect Cost: ¥810,000)
Fiscal Year 2013: ¥910,000 (Direct Cost: ¥700,000、Indirect Cost: ¥210,000)
Fiscal Year 2012: ¥1,170,000 (Direct Cost: ¥900,000、Indirect Cost: ¥270,000)
Fiscal Year 2011: ¥1,430,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,100,000、Indirect Cost: ¥330,000)
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| Research Abstract |
This research focused on the visual culture invented in the 19th century, such as phantasmagoria, panorama, diorama, photography, World Exposition as a spectacle, and the influences that these visual devices exert on the viewpoint of American writers like Henry James and Nathaniel Hawthorne, and their literary themes and writing styles. As a result, the visual media aren't only introduced into works as mere gadgets, but turn out to be closely related to the nature of the characters in the works, the literary motifs, and the formation of cultural background in each novel.
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