| Budget Amount *help |
¥1,040,000 (Direct Cost: ¥800,000、Indirect Cost: ¥240,000)
Fiscal Year 2013: ¥260,000 (Direct Cost: ¥200,000、Indirect Cost: ¥60,000)
Fiscal Year 2012: ¥260,000 (Direct Cost: ¥200,000、Indirect Cost: ¥60,000)
Fiscal Year 2011: ¥520,000 (Direct Cost: ¥400,000、Indirect Cost: ¥120,000)
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| Outline of Final Research Achievements |
In Japan, some higher civil servants have only a little professional knowledge for their own positions, and others obtain it on the-job-training through their career by experiencing jobs in the same fields. On the other hand, the other junior and middle staff get their specialist knowledge form their expert seniors on the-job-training, not in a governmental institution, where a trainee prepares the basic knowledge for his work and learn relationships on his workplace by living in a group. Unlike in the U.S.A. and Germany, because professional knowledge and skills for carrying out tasks are not unified and kept by the front staff, superiors tend to control their followers by means of the personnel management, for example, promotions and reassignments.
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